was up, they were scorched, and because 4. Horn of Salvation.-A mighty and they had not root, they withered away glorious Saviour, or deliverer.-Psal. ..When tribulation or persecution xviii. 2. The LORD is... the horn of my ariseth because of the word, by and by salvation. See Luke i. 69. he is offended. HORSE. HEAVENS.

1. The symbol of war and conquest.God hath made Judah as his goodly horse in the battle. That is, He will make them conquerors over his enemies, glorious and successful.

1. The Divine Power ruling over the
world. Dan. iv. 26...After that thou
shalt know that the heavens do rule.
2. God.-Matt. xxi. 25. The baptism of
John, whence was it? From heaven, or 2.
of men? &c.-Luke xv. 18. I have
sinned against heaven, and before thee.
See also verse 21.

3. Heaven and earth.-A political uni-
verse-Isa. li. 16. That I may plant
the heavens and lay the foundations of
the earth, and say unto Sion, “Thou art
my people." That is, that I might make
those, who were but scattered persons
and slaves in Egypt before, a kingdom
and polity, to be governed by their own
laws and magistrates. See Door, 1.
HELL. The general receptacle of the
dead, the place of departed souls.-
Rev. i. 18. I have the keys of hell and
of death.

HELMET. Salvation. Eph. vi. 17.1 Thes. v. 8.

HILLS. See MOUNTAINS.

HIRELING. A false minister who careth
not for the sheep.-John x. 12, 13. He
that is an hireling, whose own the sheep
are not...fleeth, because he is an hire-
ling, and careth not for the sheep.
HORN.

1. Regal power, or monarchy.-Jer. xlvii.
25. The horn of Moab is cut off. In
Zech. i. 18. 21. and Dan. viii. 20–22.
The four horns are the four great mo-
narchies, each of which had subdued the

Jews.

2. Horns of an altar.-The Divine protection. Amos iii. 14. The horns of the altar shall be cut off and fall to the ground. That is, there shall be no more atonements made upon the altar. The asylum or sanctuary thereof shall not stand. Antiently, both among Jews and Gentiles, an altar was an asylum or sanctuary for such persons as fled to it for refuge.

3. Strength, glory, and power.-Horns (it is well known) are emblems of these qualities both in sacred and profane writers, because the strength and beauty of horned animals consist in their horns. By the seven horns, attributed to the Lamb (in Rev. v. 6.) is signified that universal power which our Lord obtained, when, suffering death under the form of an innocent victim, he thereby vanquished the formidable enemy of man. All power, said he to his disciples immediately after this conflict, is given to me in heaven and in earth. (Matt. xxviii. 18.)

More particularly of speedy conquest. Joel ii. 4. The appearance of them is as the appearance of horses; and as horsemen so shall they run.-Hab. i. 8. Their horses are swifter than leopards. -Jer. iv. 13. His horses are swifter than eagles.

3. White being the symbol of joy, felicity
and prosperity, and white horses, being
used by victors on their days of triumph,
are the symbol of certain victory and
great triumph upon that account.-Rev.
vi. 2. I saw, and behold a white horse;
and he that sat on him... went forth con-
quering and to conquer. See also BLACK.
House.

1. The Church of God.-1 Tim. iii. 15.
The House of God, which is the church
of the living God. See Heb. iii. 6.
2. The body of man.-2 Cor. v. 1. If
our earthly house of [this] tabernacle
were dissolved.
HUGER and THIRST.-The appetites of
the spirit after righteousness.-Luke i
53. He hath filled the hungry with good
things. Matt. v. 6. Blessed are they
which do hunger and thirst after righte
ousness, for they shall be filled.-Psal.
xlii. 2. My soul thirsteth for God.

IDOL-IDOLATRY.-Any thing too much,
and sinfully indulged.-1 John v. 21.
Keep yourselves from idols.-Col. iii. 5.
Covetousness which is idolatry.
IMAGE of gold, silver, brass, and iron.-
The four great monarchies or kingdoms
of the world.-Dan. ii. 31-45. compare
pp. 189–191. of this volume.
INCENSE.-Prayer, or the devotion of the
heart in offering up prayer to God.-
Psal. cxli. 2. Let my prayer be set be-
fore thee as incense.-Rev. v. 8. Gol-
den vials full of incense, which are the
prayers of the saints. See also Luke
i. 10.

INFIRMITIES of the Body-All the dis-
tempers and weaknesses of the mind.-
Matt. viii. 17. Himself took our infirmi-
ties, and bare our sicknesses. Compare
Isa. liii. 4. and xxxv. 5, 6.
ISLE-ISLAND.-Any place or country to
which the Hebrews went by sea.-Gen.
x. 5. By these were the Isles of the Gen-
tiles divided in their lands; that is, Eu-
rope.-In Isa. xx. 6. This isle means
Ethiopia, whither the Hebrews went by
sea from Ezion-geber. And in Isa.

KING.-God, the King of kings and ori-
gin of all authority and power. See
Matt. xxii. 2. Rev. xvii. 14.
LABOURER.-The minister who serves
under God in his husbandry.-Matt. ix.
37, 38. The harvest truly is plenteous,
but the labourers are few. Pray ye,
therefore, the Lord of the harvest,
that he will send forth labourers into
his harvest.-1 Cor. iii. 9.
bourers together with God.
LAMB.-The Messiah, suffering for the
sins of the world.-John i. 29. Behold
the lamb of God that taketh away the
sin of the world.-Rev. v. 12. Worthy
is the lamb that was slain.
LAMP.

Ye are la

1. Direction or support.-2 Sam. xxi.
17. That thou quench not the light (Heb.
lamp) of Israel.

2. A Christian church.-Rev. i. 12. The
seven golden lamps (incorrectly render-
ed candlesticks in our version) are the
seven churches of Christ (Rev. i. 20.),
represented as golden, to shew how
precious they are in the sight of God.
LEAVEN.-Corrupt doctrine and corrupt
Luke xii. 1.
practices.-Matt. xvi. 6.
Mark viii. 15. Beware of the leaven of
the Pharisees and Sadducees, which is hy-
Know ye not
pocrisy.-1 Cor. v. 6—8.
that a little leaven leaveneth the whole
lump? Purge out therefore the old leaven,
that ye may be a new lump......Let us
keep the feast, not with old leaven, nei-
ther with the leaven of malice and wick-
edness, but with the unleavened bread of
sincerity and truth.

xxiii. 2. 6., the inhabitants of the isle are the Tyrians. JERUSALEM (the earthly).--A sign, earnest and pattern of the heavenly Jerusalem.-Rev. iii. 12. Him that overcometh.. I will write upon him the name of my God, and the name of the city of my God, [which is] new Jerusalem.-"The numerous prophecies, fortelling great and everlasting glory to Jerusalem, have not been fulfilled in the literal Jerusalem; nor can be so fulfilled, without contradicting other predictions, especially those of our Lord which have denounced its ruin. They remain therefore to be fulfilled in a spiritual sense; in that sense which Saint Paul points out to us, when, in opposition to Jerusalem that now is, and is in bondage with her children, he presents to our view Jerusalem which is above, which is the mother of us all. (Gal. iv. 24-26.) This is the city which Abraham looked to; a building not made with hands, whose builder and maker is God. (Heb. xi. 10 -16. xii. 22-24. xiii. 14.), even the heavenly Jerusalem." [Dean Woodhouse on Rev. iii. 12.] JEZEBEL.-A woman of great rank and influence at Thyatira, who seduced the Christians to intermix idolatry and heathen impurities with their religion.Rev. ii. 20. I have a few things against thee, because thou hast suffered that woman Jezebel, which calleth herself a prophetess, to teach and to seduce my servants to commit fornication, and to eat things offered unto idols.--Instead of that woman Jezebel—rŋv yvvaika IɛZaßnλ—LEAVES.-Words, the service of the lips, many excellent manuscripts, and almost as distinguished from the fruits of good all the antient versions, read rny yvvaika works.-Psal. i. 3. His leaf also shall του Ιεζαβηλ την wife Jezebel, which not wither. reading asserts that this bad woman was LEOPARD. the wife of the bishop or angel of that church; whose criminality in suffering her was, therefore, the greater. She call ed herself a prophetess, that is, set up for a teacher and taught the Christians that fornication and eating things offered to idols, were matters of indifference, and thus they were seduced from the truth. [Dean Woodhouse and Dr. A. Clarke, on Rev. ii. 20.] KEYS.-Power, authority-Rev. i. 18. I .have the keys of hell and of death; that is, power and authority over life, death, and the grave. Compare Rev. iii. 7. and Isa. xxii. 22.-The keys of the kingdom of heaven, in Matt. xvi. 19., signify the power to admit into that state, and to confer the graces and benefits thereof. In Luke xi. 52. the key of knowledge is the power or mean of attaining knowledge.

KINE of Bashan. (Amos iv. 1.) The luxurious matrons of Israel. See an illustration of this text, in Vol. II. p. 583.

1. A swift, powerful, and rapacious enemy.
-Dan. vii. 6. I beheld, and lo, another
like a leopard, i. e. Alexander, falsely
named the Great, whose rapid conquests
are well characterised by this symbol.
2. Men of fierce, untractable, and cruel
disposition.-Isa. xi. 6. The leopard
shall lie down with the kid.
LIFE.

Thou

1. Immortality.-Psal. xvi. 11.
wilt shew me the path of life.-Psal.
xxxvi. 9. With thee is the fountain of life.
2. Christ, the fountain of natural, spiritu-
al, and eternal life.—John i. 4. ́ În him
was life.-John xi. 25. I am the resur-
When
rection and the life.-Col. iii. 4.
Christ, who is our life, shall appear.
3. The doctrine of the Gospel, which
points out the way of life.-John vi. 63.
The words that I speak unto you, they
are life.

See TREE of Life.

LIGHT.-Joy, comfort, and felicity.-
Esther viii. 16. The Jews had light and

gladness, and joy and honour.-Psal.
xcvii. 11. Light is sown for the righte-
ous-Psal. cxii. 4. Unto the upright
there ariseth light in the darkness; that
is, in affliction.
LION.

1. An emblem of fortitude and strength.
-Rev. v. 5. The Lion of the tribe of
Judah, means Jesus Christ, who sprang
from this tribe, of which a lion was the
emblem.

Rev. xxi. 25. There shall be no night
there; that is, there shall be no more
idolatry, no more intellectual darkness,
no more adversity in the new Jerusa
lem; but all shall be peace, joy, happi-
ness and security.
NUMBERS.

Two; a few.-Isa. vii. 21. A man shall
nourish two sheep.-1 Kings xvii. 12.I
am gathering two sticks.
Three, or third-Greatness, excellency,
2. The lion is seldom taken in an ill and perfection.-Isa. xix. 24. In that day
sense, except when his mouth or rapa-shall Israel be the third with Egypt and
city is in view.-Psal. xxii. 13. They
gaped upon me with their mouths as a
ravening and a roaring lion. See also
1 Pet. v. 8.

LOCUSTS. Antichristian corrupters of the
Gospel.-Rev. ix. 3. There came out
of the smoke locusts upon the earth.
Dean Woodhouse refers them to the
Gnostic heretics; but most other com-
mentators to the overwhelming forces
of Mohammed.
MANNA.

1. The bread of life. John vi. 26-50.
2. Hidden manna.-The ineffable joys of
immortality.-Rev. ii. 17. To him that
overcometh will I give to eat of the hid-
den manna.
MEAT. See FLESH.
MOON.

1. The Church.-Song of Sol. vi. 10.
Fair as the moon.

2. The Mosaic dispensation.-Rev.xii. 1.
The moon under her feet. See SUN, 3.
MOUNTAIN.

1. High mountains and lofty hills denote
kingdoms, republics, states, and cities.-
Isa. ii. 12. 14. The day of the Lord shall
be......upon all the high mountains.
In Zech. iv. 7. and Jer.li. 25. the great
mountain and the destroying mountain
signify the Assyrian Monarchy.
2. Mountain of the Lord's House.-The
kingdom of the Messiah.-Isa. ii. 2. It
shall come to pass, in the last days, that
the mountain of the LORD's House shall
be established upon the top of the moun-
tains, and shall be exalted above the hills,
and all nations shall flow unto it. See
Isa. xi. 9. and Dan. ii. 35. 44, 45.
MYSTERY. The meaning concealed un-
der figurative resemblances.-Rev. i. 20.
The mystery of the seven stars.

NAKED.-Destitute of the image of God;
not clothed with the garment of holiness
and purity.-Rev. iii. 17. And knowest
not that thou art wretched, and miser-

able, and poor, and blind, and naked.
NAMES.-The persons called by them.-
Acts i. 15. The number of the NAMES
were about an hundred and twenty.-
Rev. iii. 4. Thou hast a few NAMES even
in Sardis.
NIGHT.-Intellectual darkness; adversity.

Assyria; that is, as the prophet imme-
diately explains, great, admired, beloved,
and blessed.
Four.-Universality of the matters com-
prised therein.-Isa. xi. 12. The four
corners of the earth denote all parts of the
earth.-Jer. xlix.36. Upon Elam (or Per-
sia) will I bring the four winds from the
four quarters of the earth; that is, all
the winds. In Ezek. vii. 2. the four cor-
ners of the land, signify all parts of the
land of Judæa.

Seven.-A large and complete, yet uncer-
tain and indefinite number. It is of very
frequent occurrence in the Apocalypse,
where we read of the seven spirits of
God, seven angels, seven thunders,
seven seals, &c. &c. [See Dr. Wood-
house on Rev. i. 4.]

Ten.-Many, as well as that precise num-
ber. In Gen. xxxi. 7. 41. Ten times,
are many times; in Lev. xxvi. 26. ten
women are many women. See also
Dan. i. 20. Amos vi. 9. Zech. viii. 23.

OAKS of BASHAN.-The princes and no-
bles of Israel and Judah.-Isa. ii. 13.
The day of the Lord shall be....upon
all the oaks of Bashan.
OLIVE.

1. The wild olive; Man in a state of nature.
-Rom. xi. 17. Thou being a wild olive-
tree, wert graffed in amongst them....
2. The cultivated olive; the church of
God.--Rom. xi. 24. If thou wert cut out
of the olive-tree which is wild by nature,
and wert graffed contrary to nature into
a good olive-tree....

PALMS.-Symbols of joy after a victory,
attended with antecedent sufferings.—
Rev. vii. 9. I beheld, and lo, a great
multitude....clothed with white robes,
and palms in their hands.
PARADISE.-The invisible residence of the
blessed.-Rev. ii. 7. To him that over-
cometh will I give to eat of the tree of
life, which is in the midst of the para-
dise of God.-Luke xxiii. 43. To-day
shalt thou be with me in paradise.
PASSOVER.-Jesus Christ.-1 Cor. v. 7.
Christ our passover is sacrificed for us.
On the spiritual import of this term,
compare Vol. III. pp. 306–310.

PHYSICIAN. The Saviour, curing the sins
and sicknesses of the mind.-Matt. ix.
12. They that be whole, need not a phy-
sician; but they that are sick.
PILLAR OF COLUMN.

1. The chief prop of a family, city, or
state.-Gal. ii. 9. James, Cephas, and
John, who seemed to be pillars.

2. Pillar of Iron.-The symbol of great
firmness and duration.-Jer. i. 18. I have
made thee..... an iron pillar.
PLOWING and breaking up the ground.
The preparation of the heart by repen-
tance. Hos. x. 12. Break up your
fallow-ground. See also Jer. iv. 3.
POISON.-Lies, error, and delusion.
Psal. cxl. 3. Adders' poison is under
their lips.-Psal. Iviii. 3, 4. They go
astray as soon as they are born, speak-
ing lies. Their poison is the like the poi-
son of a serpent.-Psal. xiv. 5. With
their tongues have they deceived; the
poison of asps is under their lips: their
mouth is full of cursing and bitterness.
PRINCE of the power of the air.-Eph. ii.
2. Satan. In this passage the air de-
notes the jurisdiction of fallen spirits.

hand over the river, and shall smite it
in the seven streams, and make [men]
go over dry-shod. See also Isa. xix. 6.
and Zech. x. 11.

3. A clear river is the symbol of the
greatest good.-Psal. xxxvi. 8. They
shall be abundantly satisfied with the
fatness of thy house; and thou shalt
make them drink of the river of thy
pleasures. For with thee is the fountain
of life. Rev. xxii. 1. He shewed me
a clear river of water of life, (that is,
the inexhaustible and abundant happi-
ness of the inhabitants of the New Jeru-
salem) bright as crystal, proceeding out
of the throne of God and the Lamb. Its
clearness indicates their holiness and
peace; and the brightness of its shining
like crystal, the glorious life of those
who drink of it.
Rock.

1. A defence, or place of refuge.-Isa.
xvii. 10. Thou hast forgotten the God
of thy salvation, and hast not been mind-
ful of the rock of thy strength.-Psal.
xviii. 2. The Lord is my rock.
2. A quarry, figuratively the patriarch or
first father of a nation; who is, as it
were, the quarry whence the men of such
nation must have proceeded.—Isa. li. 1.
Look unto the rock, whence ye are hewn,
that is, to Abraham and Sarah, whose
descendants ye are.
3. An unfruitful hearer.-Luke viii. 6.
Some fell upon a rock, and as soon as it
sprang up, it withered away. See the
interpretation of Christ himself, in verse
13.

4. Rock giving water to the Israelites.
(Exod. xvii. 5. Numb. xx. 10, 11.) Christ.

1 Cor. x. 4. They drank of that spiri-
tual rock that followed them, and that
rock was CHRIST.
RoD or WAND.-Power and rule.-Psal.
ii. 9. Thou shalt break them in pieces
with a rod of iron.

1. An overflowing river.-Invasion by
an army.-Isa. lix. 19. The enemy shall
come in like a flood.-Jer. xlvi. 7, 8. Who
is this that cometh up as a flood, whose
waters are moved as the rivers? Egypt
riseth up like a flood, and his waters are
moved like the rivers: and he saith, I will
go up, and will cover the earth; I will SALT.-Sound doctrine, such as preserves
destroy the city and the inhabitants the world from corruption.-Matt. v.
thereof. See also Isa. xxviii. 2. Jer. 13. Ye are the salt of the earth.-Col.
xlvii. 2. Amos ix. 5. Nahum. i. 8. iv. 6. Let your speech be alway with
2. A river being frequently the barrier or grace, seasoned with salt.
boundary of a nation or country, the SAND of the sea.-An aggregate body of
drying of it up is a symbol of evil to the innumerable individuals. Their widows
adjoining land; and signifies that its ene- are increased above the sand of the seas.
mies will make an easy conquest of it-Gen. xxii. 17. I will multiply thy
when they find no water to impede their seed......as the sand which is upon
progress. Thus, Isaiah, foretelling the the sea shore.
conquest of Cyrus and the destruction of
the Babylonian monarchy, has these
words: That saith to the deep, Be dry;
and I will dry up thy rivers.-Isa. xi. 15.
The LORD shall utterly destroy the
tongue of the Egyptian Sea (that part of
the land of Egypt, which was inclosed
among the mouths of the Nile); and
with his mighty wind shall he shake his

SCORCHING HEAT. See HEAT.
SEA.

1. The Gentile world.-Isa. lx. 5. The
abundance of the sea shall be converted.
See algo Rev. viii. 8. and Dr. Woodhouse
thereon. [Apocalypse, p. 213.]
2. The great river Euphrates, Nile, &c.—
Isa. xxi. 1. The desert of the sea, means
the country of Babylon, which was

watered by the Euphrates.-Jer. li. 36. I
will dry up her sea, and make her
springs dry: this refers to the stratagem
by which Cyrus diverted the course of
the river and captured Babylon.-Ezek.
xxxii. 2. Thou art as a whale in the
sea; the prophet is speaking of the
kingdom of Egypt, through which the
Nile flowed.-See WAVES.

3. Sea of glass.-Rev. iv. 6. The blood
of the Redeemer, which alone cleanses
man from sin. It is called a sea, in al-
lusion to the large vessel in the temple,
out of which the priests drew water to
wash themselves, the sacrifices, and the
instruments of which they made use, for
sacrificing. (1 Kings vii. 23.) See also
SAND and WAVES.
SEAL.-SEALING.

1. Preservation and security.-Sol. Song
iv. 12. A fountain sealed, is a fountain
carefully preserved from the injuries of
weather and beasts, that its waters may
be preserved good and clean.

possessing this mark. (John vi. 27.)
Generally, all who name the name of
Christ and depart from iniquity, are
said to be thus divinely sealed. 2 Tim. ii.
19.) By the seal of the living God, men-
tioned in Rev. vii. 2., is signified that im-
pression of the Holy Spirit upon the
heart of man, which preserves in it the
principles of pure faith, producing the
fruits of piety and virtue. This is the
seal which marks the real Christian as
the property of the Almighty. In Rev
vii. 3, 4. the sealed mark is said to be
impressed upon the foreheads of the
servants of God, either because on this
conspicuous part of the person distin-
guishing ornaments were worn by the
Eastern nations; or because slaves an-
tiently were marked upon their fore-
heads, as the property of their masters.
[Dean Woodhouse on Rev. vii. 2, 3.]
SEED.-The Word of God.—Luke viii.
11.

SERPENT.-Satan, the enemy of souls.-
2. Secresy and privacy, because men Rev. xii. 9. That old serpent, called the
usually seal up those things which they Devil and Satan, which deceiveth the
design to keep secret. Thus, a book seal-whole world.-2 Cor. xi. 3. The serpent
ed, is one whose contents are secret, beguiled Eve through his subtilty.
and are not to be disclosed until the re- SEVEN. See NUMBERS.
moval of the seal. In Isa. xxix. 11. a SHADOW.-Defence, protection. In the
vision like unto a book sealed, is a vision sultry eastern countries this metaphor is
not yet understood.
highly expressive of support and protee-
tion.-Numb. xiv. 9. Their defence
(Heb. by Tsilam, shadow) is departed
from them. Compare also Psal. xci. 1.
cxxi. 5. Isa. xxx. 2. xlix. ii. and li. 16.
The Arabs and Persians employ the
same word to denote the same thing,
using these expressions:-"May the
SHADOW of thy prosperity be extended."
"May the SHADOW of thy prosperity
be spread over the heads of thy well-
wishers." 66
May thy protection never
be removed from thy head; may God
extend thy SHADOW eternally." [Dr.
A. Clarke on Numb. xvi. 9.]
SHEEP.-SHEPHERD.

3. Completion and perfection, also autho-
rity; because the putting of a seal to
any decree, will, or other instrument in
writing, completes the whole transaction.
-Ezek. xxviii. 12. Thou (the king of
Tyre) sealest up the sum full of wisdom
and perfect in beauty; that is, thou
lookest upon thyself as having arrived
at the highest pitch of wisdom and
glory. See Neh. ix. 8. Esther viii. 8.
4. Restraint or hinderance.-Job xxxvii.
*7. He sealeth up the hand of every man;
that is, the Almighty restrains their
power.-Job ix. 7. Which sealeth up the
stars; that is, restrains their influences.
5. Propriety in a thing.-Antiently, it
was the custom to seal goods purchased;
each person having his peculiar mark,
which ascertained the property to be his
own. Hence, the seal of God is His
mark, by which he knoweth them that
are His. (2 Tim. ii. 19.) Under the law
of Moses, circumcision is represented to
be the seal which separated the people
of God from the heathen who did not
call upon his name. (Rom. iv. 11.) And
in this sense the sacrament of baptism,
succeeding to circumcision, was called
by the fathers of the church the seal of
God: but in the Gospel, this divine
seal is more accurately described to be
the Holy Spirit of God. They who
have this spirit are marked as his. (2
Cor. i. 22. Eph. i. 13. iv. 20.) Our Lord
Jesus Christ is represented as eminently

1. Sheep under a Shepherd.-The people
under a king.-Zech. xiii. 7. Smite the
shepherd, and the sheep shall be scatter-
ed.

2. The disciples of Christ, who is their
SHEPHERD; the church of Christ, con-
sisting of all true believers in Him their
Shepherd.-John x. 11-14. I am the
good shepherd; the good shepherd
giveth his life for the sheep. I......
know my sheep.-1 Pet. ii.25. Ye................
are now returned unto the shepherd and
bishop of your souls.
SHIELD.

1. A defence.-Psal. xviii. 2. The LORD
is my buckler, or shield. See Psal.
xxxiii. 20.

2. Faith, by which we are enabled to re-
sist the fiery darts of the wicked. Eph.
vi. 16.