margins in elegant folds. The normal number of eyes is two, but there are occasionally four, in which case the anterior pair is very minute. Dr. Johnston says it inhabits cold springs and lakes, is gregarious, and not common. I find it in the canal near my house, and in pools in the neighbourhood, tolerably abundant, and have never any difficulty in procuring specimens for examination. I do not consider it more gregarious than other species. P. torva. This is a very quaint looking fellow; its two black eyes, which are of a crescent form, are partly surrounded by a white ring or halo, which gives the creature a squint-like look: suggesting, probably from its sinister appearance, a disposition conveyed by the epithet, "torva." It is described as being cinereous or black, on the dorsal, and greyish on the ventral surface. The front is obtuse, rounded on the angles, and projecting in the centre. It deposits a large oval capsule, and is six or seven lines long, by about two broad. I have recently met with some very large velvety-black Planaria, which resemble P. torva, in having a white halo round the eye spots; but I have reason for believing that they are individually of a distinct species. The black eyespecks in the surrounding uncoloured halo are not visible under a simple lens in the individuals I am speaking of; but the compound microscope of about twenty diameters reveals them. In P. torva, the eye-specks are very apparent under a simple lens: the colour is of a decided black when viewed by reflected light; in size it is almost equal to the large P. lactea, and it often crenulates its margins like it, but only very slightly. I do not find any other Planaria like the ordinary P. torva in the water whence I obtain these large individuals, and I am inclined to regard them as, if not a distinct species, at any rate a well-marked variety. I have occasionally found a P. torva with four eyes, each pair with the characteristic white halo; the anterior ones in this case are small, as in P. lactea when possessed of four eyes. I have little doubt that this four-eyed variety of P. torva is the Tetracelis fontana of Diesing ("Systema Helminthum,” i., p. 191), who thus describes it :-"Corpus depressum ellipticum, antice truncatum, fuscum. Ocelli geminati nigri in macula alba, postici reniformes majores. Longit. 6""', latit. 1"."" P. Arethusa is described as being truncate and auriculate in front, leaden or slate grey, paler underneath, having a black eye on a white spot on each side of the medial line in front. Length, six lines; breadth, one line. It is said to be common in pure springs and rivulets. I do not know this species. P. Edinensis inhabits pure springs, and is rare. It is the smallest of the fresh-water Planaria, being only three lines long and one broad; it is linear oblong, and rather narrowish in front, of a pale carnation, head obtuse, rose colour; eyes nearly marginal in the rose-coloured part. It has been found in the neighbourhood of Edinburgh, as its specific name implies, by Dalyell, Flemming, and Johnston. I have never seen this species. The family of Dalyellida,* so called after Sir John Dalyell, who has paid much attention to these creatures, containing six genera, five of which are lacustrine, differs from the foregoing groups, in all its members having the intestine an undivided tube. "They are small animals, of a parenchymatous consistency, in which it is often difficult to trace any distinctly defined viscera, or their openings on the surface. The body is acephalous, and more or less contractile, with an entire margin. They are either marine or lacustrine; and the latter, in general, lay their eggs enclosed in a cocoon or capsule. Of the mode in which the marine genera are propagated, nothing appears to be known." The fresh-water genera are defined severally as follows: (1.) Dalyellia. Body somewhat compressed vertically, elliptical; the mouth terminal; eyes two, parallel, posterior to the mouth and dorsal; ova capsulated. Lacustrine. Dr. Johnston describes two British species, viz. :-Dalyellia helluo, which is narrowed at both ends, most so posteriorly, of a uniform grass-green colour, with a transparent margin, one to one and a half lines long, inhabiting stagnant waters; and D. exigua, which in motion resembles a double cone in form, reddish in colour, one-third of a line in length, and an inhabitant of ponds. The first species has been described by several naturalists; the second was first noticed by Sir John Dalyell. I am unacquainted with both. (2.) Derostoma. Body linear-oblong, rounded at both ends, with two eyes or none; mouth pitcher-shaped, concealed, opening by a longitudinal fissure on the venter. Two British species are described, viz., D. unipunctatum, which is plump, narrowed towards the anterior extremity, and obtuse behind, dingy yellow, with two yellow eyes, and three lines long, an inhabitant of ponds with a muddy bottom; and D. vorax, with round body, obtuse in front, tapering backwards to a point, greenish, and without eyes. It is one and a half lines in length, and is found in fresh-water marshes. The generic name, which signifies "long-mouth," from its longitudinal opening, was proposed by G. Dugès in 1828. * The Planarian worms have been well divided into the two following sections: (1.) DENDROCOLS, having a digestive apparatus dendritically branched. (2.) RHABDOCŒELS, having a straight or unbranched digestive apparatus. (3.) Mesostoma. Body somewhat flattened when at rest; the mouth ventral, sub-central, encircled with a broad annular sphincter; eyes two approximate, on the dorsum behind the apex and anterior to the mouth. Lacustrine. The ova capsulated. Dr. Johnston describes one species only, viz., M. rostratum. It is elongate, elliptical, acuminate, and alike at both ends, whitish and pellucid, or tinted a yellowish-red; eyes reddish or black, approximate; mouth central; egg capsules dark brown or reddish, length three lines, breadth half a line. This little animal I find quite common within the stems of Sparganium, but owing to its small size and pellucid appearance very easily overlooked. The reddish colour, of which Dr. Johnston speaks, is owing to a number of red capsulated ova often seen within the body of the animal; I have occasionally counted as many as twenty-five or thirty. The proboscis, or œsophagus, is bulbous in form, with five or six strong radiating muscles (see Fig. 6). It glides along the surface of submerged bodies and moves rapidly in the water, which appears to have suggested the epithet Velox to Dr. Johnston. I believe the animal dies immediately after laying its eggs. Another species (Fig. 10), the M. personatum of Dr. Oscar Schmidt, I have found in a reedy pond, near Preston on the Wild Moors, Salop. I have recently added it to the British fauna. See Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist. for last December. (4.) Opistomum. Body flattish, with an anterior sub-terminal mouth; the œsophagus pitcher shaped, not protrusile; eyes, none. Lacustrine. One British species only has been described, viz., O. serpentina, which is tongue-shaped, dilated and rounded in front, lanceolate behind, white or grey, two lines in length, and an inhabitant of fresh-water pools. Sir J. Dalyell found this little animal, and on his authority, it is added to the British fauna. It appears, from the description, to be identical with the Opistomum pallidum of Schimdt. It is unknown to me. (5.) Typhloplana. Body oblong, somewhat roundish ; head continous with body; mouth sub-central, a little posterior to the middle of the body; eyes, none. Lacustrine. Two British species are enumerated in Dr. Johnston's catalogue, T. fœcunda and T. prasina. The first is nearly linear, or a little swollen at the middle, with obtusely rounded extremities, white, and half a line in length; it is found in ponds in autumn. The second is grass-green in colour, obtuse in front, tapering to a point behind; it is gregarious, and is found in ponds in autumn. Both are minute species, about half a line in length. I am not acquainted with either of these species. The species belonging to the genus Convoluta, being marine, do not come within the scope of our inquiries. The above descriptions of these Planarian worms, partly taken from my own observations and partly from Dr. Johnston's catalogue, will, I hope, be found of use in helping some of my readers to determine the species they may meet with. The works I have consulted on this subject are Dugès two valuable memoirs, Diesing's "Systema Helminthum," O. F. Müller's "Vermium Terrestrium et Fluviatilium," the "Prodromus Zoologiæ Danica" of the same author; Oersted's "Entrouof Plattwürmer;" Professor Owen's artice on Entozoa in "Todd's Cyclopædia of Anatomy," and Dr. Johnston's "Catalogue of the British NonParasitical Worms in the Collection of the British Museum," published by Taylor and Francis in 1865. The large work of Müller, "Zoologia Danica," contains several figures of the Planaria, as also does Sir John Dalyell's work, "The Powers of the Creator Displayed in the Creation," published by Van Voorst. The former work I have not seen, the figures in the latter are not very good. There is also a treatise by Dalyell, "Observations on the Planarian Worms." Dr. O. Schmidt's Treatise ("Die Rhabdocoelen Strudelwürmer") is the best work on the fresh-water Rhabdocols. It contains numerous figures of these animals. The researches of the same author on the sexual organs of the Dendrocal Planaria, in the "Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie," Band. x. and xi., must be especially mentioned, but I regret I was unable to consult the volumes at the time I was investigating the anatomy of these worms, neither have I been able to meet with Schultze's "Bertrüge zur Naturgeschchte der Turbellariea." DESCRIPTION OF PLATE. Fig. 1.-Planaria lactea, showing dendritic form of digestive system (after Dugès). Fig. 2.-The same species, drawn from a living specimen. Fig. 4. Mesostoma rostrata, as it progresses. Fig. 5.-The same species when at rest. Fig. 6.-Full and side view of proboscis of ditto (from specimen). Fig. 7.-Head of Polycelis brunnea. Fig. 8-Capsulated ova of Mesostoma rostrata. Fig. 9.-Ditto of Planaria torva. Fig. 10.-Mesostomum personatum (from a specimen). Fig. 11.-Planaria torva, with protruded proboscis, swallowing a worm (after Dugès). Fig. 12. The same, in another position, attacking a worm (after Dugès). Fig. 13.-Polycelis nigra, progressing. Fig. 14.-Polycelis nigra, at rest. Fig. 15.-Reproductive organs of P. lactea. a, Penis and sheathe; b, oviduct; c, vesicle and reservoir of eggs; d, common orifice (after Dugès). All the figures, except 11, 12, 13, and 14, are magnified. THE GRAVE-MOUNDS OF DERBYSHIRE, AND BY LLEWELLYNN JEWITT, F.S.A., ETC., ETC. (Continued from page 350.) THE ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD. THE County of Derby fortunately affords abundant and unusually excellent, as well as remarkable, examples of the graves of the Anglo-Saxons, and therefore we need be at no loss in describing the modes of interment, and the objects which are found in the graves and in the barrows of this period. When it is recollected that one of the towns of Derbyshire-Repton (Hrepandune)-was the capital of the kingdom of Mercia and the burial-place of the Mercian kings; that the names of many other places are derived from their Saxon owners; and that one of the main roads used by them-and before their time by the Normans and the ancient Britons-the Rykneld Street, ran through the county, it will easily be seen that in the Saxon times Derbyshire was so well populated and so thriving, that the interments must have been not only numerous but of all kinds. Accordingly we find examples both of burial by cremation and of the unburnt body in cemeteries, as well as instances of interment having been made in the earlier Celtic barrows. Generally speaking the Anglo-Saxon graves were rectangular cists or pits cut in the ground to the depth of from two or three to seven or eight feet. On the floor of this the body was placed at full length, on its back, in the dress which was worn by deceased when living. The arms were usually extended by the sides, with the hands resting on the pelvis. Around the body were placed articles which had been used, or were valued by, or which it was thought might be useful to, the deceased. The grave was then carefully filled, and a mound of but low altitude raised over it; the earth being generally "puddled" or tempered. This mound or hillock was called a |