proprietors to compound for their Estates, to hold them by English tenure; and to attend the Parliament which he had convened in Dublin in 1585.

This was the first Parliament that could be called Irish; the first that extended beyond the limits of the English Pale; the first that embraced the interests, and cherished the feelings, of the ancient as well as of the new inhabitants of Ireland. The Annals of the IV Masters give a curious list of the Irish Chieftains who attended, which may be seen in the Appendix. "Perrott was known, says Leland, for a humane "and equitable attention to the native Irish, so "that they crowded to him with the most zea"lous professions of loyalty and submission. "He had ever professed a tender regard for "their rights, and this could scarcely fail of 'raising a number of secret enemies."

§ VII. The true cause of National hatred partly stated by Lord Castlehaven.

1. Difference of Religion was not therefore the cause of Irish hatred to the English

nation, down to the accession of the House of Stuart. The true cause is partly stated by Lord Castlehaven.-"I am convinced," says he, "that however the circumstances of this time,

(1641) gave life and birth to the Rebellion of "Ireland, yet the original, true, and great motive "thereof, was no other than that fatal one, which "for so many hundred years, from Henry II. "to the beginning of King James's reign, had "been not only the very source of all the dan

gerous Rebellions of that country, but the very "bane and ruin of the people on all sides for so

many ages; the national feud I mean betwixt "the meere Irish, as the ancient Milesians are

called, and the latter Irish, or Colonies of "English extraction amongst them; and the "unalterable persuasion of the former, that "the English conquest of that country was but "usurpation, and that the right of Supreme "Sovereignty and proprietorship of all the lands "of Ireland, still remained, according to the "ancient Brehon Laws of that country, which 'they say had never been legally repealed or

antiquated, and consequently also according "to the Laws of God, in the surviving heirs "of the ancient natives of Ireland.

"True it is that forty years continual and flourishing peace, in all obedience to the Eng"lish Laws there, from the last of Queen Eliza"beth to 1641,✶ seemed to carry a fair out

side, as if all those national former animosites "had been extinguished. But alas! the Earls "of Tirone, and Tirconnel, and the councils

of Spain and Rome, and the Irish monaste"ries and seminaries in so many countries of "Europe, and very many of the church-men

returning home out of them, and chiefly the "titular Bishops, together with the Superiors of Regular Orders, took an effectual course, "under the colour of Religion, to add conti

This period of peace from the death of Elizabeth, is strongly marked by Lord Clarendon in his Civil Wars of Ireland. London, 8vo. 1721, p. 6--9. But he does not enter into the true spirit of it, neither does Lord Castlehaven. The true causes of the ancient hatred, and of the subsequent reconcilation of Ireland to England, during the interval from 1603 to 1641, shall, I trust, be made manifest by a perusal of these sheets.

nually more fuel to the burning coals, which "whoever did not see in the beginning of the "rebellion, (1641) as many did not, by observ

ing what extraction, or what names all the "first appearances in it were of, and how "ticularly, of the whole hundred that were de

par

signed for seizing the Castle of Dublin, "there was not so much as one person of Bri"tish name or blood among them, might ne"vertheless, without the help of multiplying

glasses, most clearly see it in the procedure "of the war.

2. In this interesting passage, Lord Castlehaven, an eye witness of the calamities he describes, a man deeply interested in the prosperity of Ireland, a Catholic, and a Royalist, gives the feint outlines of those Secret designs, masked by Religion, which it is the object of the following sheets to disclose.—Irishmen will

* Castlehaven's Memoirs, p. 22.

Now if Religion was not the cause of our national hatred to England, neither was it the Cause of the Penal Laws. Our countryman Peter Walsh, a Franciscan Friar, who was intimate with the Duke of Ormond, justly ascribes the

learn from the documents which I proceed to unfold, that antipathy to England, drove our an

Irish Penal Laws, since the Reformation, to "a system of "doctrines and practices, contrary to those manifestly recom"mended by the Gospel, and by the Christian Church, "which are calculated to establish the temporal interference "and dominion of the Court of Rome.

"We have no cause to wonder at the Protestant's jealousie "of us, when they see the three several Tests, hitherto made "use of, for trying the affection of Roman Catholicks in these "kingdoms, in relation to the Papal pretences on one side, "and the Royal rights on the other; I mean the oath of Supremacy first, the oath of Allegiance next, and last of all "that which I call the Loyal Formulary, or Irish Remon"strance of 1661, even all three, one after another, to "have been with so much rashness, and wilfulness, and ob"stinacy declined, opposed, traduced and rejected; albeit no "other authority or power, not even by the oath of Supremacy

itself, be attributed to the King, save onely civil, or that of "the sword; nor any spiritual or ecclesiastical power be "denied to the Pope, save onely that which the General "Council of Ephesus, and the next of Chalcedon, and the two "hundred and seventeen Bishops of Africa, whereof S.

Augustin was one, both in their Canons and Letters too, in "the case of Apiarius, denied unto the Roman Bishops of their "time; and albeit the oath of Allegiance was of meer purpose "framed onely to distinguish 'twixt the loyal and disloyal "Catholicks, or the honest, from those of the Powder Treason ." principles, yet they even rejected, &c; and that excellent, " and most loyal, and learned English Monk, Thomas Preston, "for having so incomparably defended the aforesaid oath of "Allegiance, was forced to take shelter in the Clink at

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