Typology and UniversalsCambridge University Press, 21 нояб. 2002 г. - Всего страниц: 341 William Croft presents a comprehensive introduction to the method and theory used in studying typology and universals. The second edition of this essential textbook has been thoroughly rewritten and updated to reflect advances in typology and universals in the past decade, including: new methodologies such as the semantic map model and questions of syntactic argumentation; discussion of current debates over deeper explanations for specific classes of universals; and comparison of the typological and generative approaches to language. |
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Содержание
Introduction | 1 |
12 Typology universals and generative grammar | 4 |
13 Crosslinguistic comparison | 6 |
14 The problem of crosslinguistic comparability | 13 |
15 Language sampling for crosslinguistic research | 19 |
16 Data sources | 28 |
Typological classification | 31 |
22 What is being classified? | 42 |
Prototypes and the interaction of typological patterns | 158 |
typological prototypes | 162 |
63 Grammatical relations | 165 |
64 Parts of speech | 183 |
65 Other prototypes and markedness reversals | 189 |
66 Conclusion | 192 |
Syntactic argumentation and syntactic structure in typology | 194 |
71 Typology and syntactic argumentation | 195 |
23 Morphological typology | 45 |
Implicational universals and competing motivations | 49 |
32 Unrestricted and implicational universals | 52 |
33 Competing motivations | 59 |
34 Deeper explanations for word order and affix order universals | 69 |
35 Typology universals and generative grammar revisited | 80 |
36 Conclusion | 86 |
Grammatical categories typological markedness economy and iconicity | 87 |
42 Economy and iconicity | 101 |
43 Frequency and deeper explanations for economy and iconicity | 110 |
44 Typological asymmetries in word order and phonology | 117 |
45 Conclusion | 120 |
Grammatical hierarchies and the semantic map model | 122 |
52 The animacy and definiteness hierarchies | 128 |
the semantic map model | 133 |
54 Conceptual spaces structural coding and behavioral potential | 140 |
55 The grammatical relations hierarchies | 142 |
56 Conclusion | 155 |
typological markedness patterns in grammatical categories | 156 |
72 Iconicity economy and syntactic structure | 201 |
73 Typological conspiracies and communicative motivation | 227 |
74 Conclusion | 231 |
Diachronic typology | 232 |
82 From states to processes | 244 |
83 Grammaticalization | 253 |
84 Inferring diachrony from synchrony | 272 |
85 Conclusion | 279 |
Typology as an approach to language | 280 |
92 Thinking like a typologist | 282 |
93 Description explanation and generalization | 283 |
94 Typology the Saussurean dichotomies and the evolutionary model | 286 |
List of references | 291 |
Map of languages cited | 313 |
324 | |
329 | |
333 | |
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Часто встречающиеся слова и выражения
adjective adposition affix analysis anaphoric animacy argues argument attested basic behavioral potential Bybee competing motivations Comrie conceptual space constraints construction correlation Croft cross-linguistic comparison definition DemN diachronic direct object distinction distribution dominant Dryer element encoding English ergative example explanation expressed function gender genitive Givón grammatical categories grammatical relations grammaticalization Greenberg Haiman harmony Hawkins Heine and Reh hypothesis iconic motivation implicational universals inflectional inflectional potential involves language change language universals lexical linguistic morpheme morphological morphological typology morphosyntactic nasal NDem nominal noun phrase NRel overt parameters participant roles phenomenon phonetic phonological place of articulation plural polysemy predication preposition pronouns properties prototype reference relationship relative clause relativization represents sample semantic maps singular strategy structural coding suffix suppletion synchronic text frequency theory third person transitive typological classification typological markedness typological universals typologist unmarked value variation verb indexation verbal vowels word order zero coded