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fecret alliance with the princes of Guife, and had entered CHA P. into a mutual concert for the protection of the antient faith, and the fuppreffion of herefy. He now fent fix thousand men, with fome fupply of money, to reinforce the catholic party; and the prince of Condé, finding himfelf unequal to fo great a combination, countenanced by the royal authority, was obliged to dispatch the Vidame of Chartres and Briguemaut to London, in order to crave the affiftance and protection of Elizabeth. Most of the province of Normandy was poffeffed by the hugonots: And Condé offered to put Havre de Grace Havre de into the hands of the English on condition, that, to- Grace put gether with three thoufand men for the garrifon of that in poffeffion place, the queen fhould likewife fend over three thou- of the fand to defend Dieppe and Rouen, and fhould fur- English. nish the prince with a fupply of a hundred thousand crowns P.

ELIZABETH, befides the general and effential interest of fupporting the proteftants, and of oppofing the rapid progrefs of her enemy, the duke of Guife, had other motives which engaged her to accept of this proposal. When the concluded the peace at Cateau-Cambrefis, fhe 20th Sept. had good reason to foresee, that France never would voluntarily fulfil the articles which regarded the reftitution of Calais; and many fubfequent incidents had tended to confirm this fufpicion. Confiderable fums of money had been expended on the fortifications; long leafes had been granted of the lands; and many inhabitants had been. encouraged to build and fettle there, by affurances that Calais fhould never be restored to the English . The queen, therefore, wifely concluded, that could the get poffeffion of Havre, a place which commanded the mouth of the Seine, and was of greater importance than Calais, the should easily conftrain the French to execute the treaty, and should have the glory of restoring to the crown that antient poffeffion, fo much the favourite of the nation.

No measure could be more generally odious in France, than the conclufion of this treaty with Elizabeth. Men were naturally led to compare the conduct of Guife, who had finally chafed the English from France, and had debarred thefe dangerous and deftructive enemies from

P Forbes, vol. ii. p. 48.

Ibid. p. 54, 257.

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CHA P. from all accefs into it, with the treasonable politics of Condé, who had again granted them an entry into the heart of the kingdom. The prince had the more reason to repent of this measure, as he reaped not from it all the advantage which he expected. Three thousand English immediately took poffeffion of Havre and Dieppe, under the command of Sir Edward Poinings; but the latter place was found fo little capable of defence, that it was immediately abandoned R. The fiege of Rouen was already formed by the catholics, under the command of the king of Navarre and the conftable Montmorency; and it was with difficulty that Poinings could throw a fmall reinforcement into the place. Though these English troops behaved with gallantry, and the king of Navarre was mortally wounded during the fiege; the catholics ftill continued the attack of the place, and carrying it at last by affault, put the whole garrifon to the fword. The earl of Warwic, eldeft fon of the late duke of Northumberland, arrived foon after at Havre, with another body of three thousand English, and took on him the command of that place.

It was expected, that the French catholics, flushed with their fuccefs at Rouen, would immediately have formed the fiege of Havre, which was not as yet in any condition of defence; but the inteftine diforders of the kingdom foon diverted their attention to another enterprize. Andelot, feconded by the negotiations of Elizabeth, had levied a confiderable body of proteftants in Germany; and having arrived at Orleans, the feat of the hugonots' power, he enabled the prince of Condé and the admiral to take the field, and oppofe the progress of their enemies. After threatening Paris during fome time, they took their march towards Normandy, with a view of engaging the English to act in conjunction with them, and of fortifying themselves with the farther affiftance, which they expected from the zeal and vigour of Elizabeth T. The catholics, commanded by the conftable, and under him by the duke of Guife, followed on their reas; and overtaking them at Dreux, obliged them to give battle. The field was fought with great obftinacy on both fides: And the action was distinguished

R Forbes, vol. ii. p. 199. bes, p 230. Davila, lib. iii.

s Ibid. p. 161.

by

T For

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by this fignal event, that Condé and Montmorency, the CHA P. commanders of the oppofite armies, remained both of them prifoners in the hands of their enemies. The The appearances of victory remained with Guife; but the admiral, whofe fate it ever was to be defeated, and still to rife more terrible after his misfortunes, collected the remains of the army; and inspiring his own unconquerable courage and conftancy into every breast, kept them in a body, and fubdued fome confiderable places in Normandy. Elizabeth, the better to fupport his cause, sent him a new fupply of an hundred thousand crowns; and offered, if he could find merchants to lend him the money, to give her bond for another fum of equal

amount

U

THE expences, incurred by assisting the French hu- 1563. gonots, had emptied the queen's exchequer; and in or- Jan. 12. der to obtain fupply, she found herself under a neceffity A parliaof fummoning a parliament: An expedient to which the ment. never voluntarily had recourfe. A little before the meeting of this affembly, she had fallen into a dangerous illnefs, the small-pox; and as her life, during fome time, was defpaired of, the people became the more sensible of their perilous fituation derived from the uncertainty, which, in case of her decease, attended the fucceffion of the crown. The partizans of the queen of Scots, and those of the house of Suffolk, already divided the nation into factions; and every one forefaw, that, though it might be poffible at present to determine the controverfy by law, yet, if the throne were vacant, nothing but the fword would be able to fix a fucceffor. The commons, therefore, on the opening of the feffion, voted an addrefs to the queen; in which, after enumerating the dangers attending a broken and doubtful fucceffion, and mentioning the evils which their fathers had experienced from the contending titles of York and Lancaster, they entreated the queen to put an end to their apprehenfions, by choofing fome husband, whom, they promised, whoever he was, gratefully to receive, and faithfully to ferve, honour and obey: Or if the had entertained any reluctance to the married state, they defired, that the lawful fuc-: ceffor might be named, or at least appointed by act of parliament. They remarked, that, during all the reigns which

Forbes, voi. ii. p. 322 347..

1563.

CHA P. which had paffed fince the conqueft, the nation had never XL. before been fo unhappy, as not to know the perfon, who, in cafe of the fovereign's death, was legally entitled to fill the vacant throne. And they obferved, that the certain and fixed order, which took place in the inheritance of the French monarchy, was one chief source of the ufual tranquillity, as well as of the happiness of that kingdom Z.

THIS fubject, though extremely interesting to the nation, was very little agreeable to the queen; and fhe was fenfible, that great difficulties would attend every decifion. A declaration in favour of the queen of Scots would form a fettlement perfectly legal; because that princess was commonly allowed to poffefs the right of blood; and the exclufion given by Henry's will, deriving its weight chiefly from an act of parliament, would lofe all authority, whenever the queen and parliament had made a new fettlement, and restored the Scottish line to its place in the fucceffion. But fhe dreaded the giving encouragement to the catholics, her fecret enemies, by this declaration. She was fenfible, that every heir was, in fome degree, a rival; much more one who enjoyed a claim for the prefent poffeffion of the crown, and who had already advanced, in a very open manner, these dangerous pretenfions. The great power of Mary, both from the favour of the catholic princes, and her connections with the house of Guife, not to mention the force and fituation of Scotland, was well known to her and the faw no fecurity, that this princess, if fortified by a fure prospect of fucceffion, would not revive claims, which the could never yet be prevailed on formally to relinquish. On the other hand, the title of the house of Suffolk was fupported only by the more zealous proteftants; and it was very doubtful, whether even a parliamentary declaration in its favour would bestow on it fuch validity as to give fatisfaction to the people. The republican part of the conftitution had not as yet acquired fuch an afcendent as to controul, in any degree, the ideas of hereditary right; and as the legality of Henry's will was ftill difputed, though founded on the utmost authority which a parliament could beftow; who could be affured, that at more recent act would be acknowledged to have any greater

;

X Sir Simon D'Ewes's Journ. p. 81.

XL.

greater force or validity? In the frequent revolutions, CHA P. which had of late taken place, the right of blood had ftill prevailed over religious prejudices; and the nation had ever fhewed itself difpofed rather to change its faith 1563. than the order of fucceffion. Even many proteftants declared themselves in favour of Mary's claim of inheritance; and nothing would occafion more general disguft, than to fee the queen, openly and without reserve, take party against it. The Scottish princefs alfo, finding herself injured in fo fenfible a point, would thenceforth act as a declared enemy; and uniting together her foreign and domestic friends, the partizans of her present title and of her eventual fucceffion, would foon bring matters to extremity against the prefent establishment. The queen, weighing all thefe inconveniencies, which were great and urgent, was determined to keep both parties in awe, by maintaining ftill an ambiguous conduct; and fhe chose rather, that the people fhould run the hazard of contingent events, than that the herself fhould vifibly endanger her throne, by employing expedients, which, at beft, would not bestow entire fecurity on the nation. She gave, therefore, an evasive answer to the applications of the commons; and when the house, at the end of the feffions, defired, by the mouth of their speaker, farther fatisfaction on that head, fhe could not be prevailed on to make her reply more explicit. She only told them, contrary to her declarations in the beginning of her reign, that she had fixed no abfolute refolution against marriage; and the added, that the difficulties, attending the question of the fucceffion, were fo great, that she would be contented, for the fake of her people, to remain fome time longer in this vale of mifery; and never should depart life with fatisfaction, till fhe had laid fome folid foundation for their future fecurity Z.

THE moft remarkable law paffed this session was that which bore the title of Affurance of the queen's royal power over all ftates and fubjects within her dominions A. By this act, the afferting twice, by writing, word, or deed, the pope's authority, was fubjected to the penalties of treafon. All perfons in holy orders were bound to take the oath of fupremacy; as alfo, all advanced to any degree, either in

y Keith, p. 322.

z Sir Simon D'Ewes's Journal. p 75.

A

5

Eliz. C. I.