from completing the final revision of the manuscript of her memoir as she had hoped, and it remained unfinished at the time of her unfortunate death, on June 24, in the suburbs of Washington. It is believed, however, that when an opportunity of fully examining Mrs. Stevenson's completed manuscript and notes is afforded, it will be found in condition for publication after the customary editorial treatment. Mrs. Stevenson was an efficient and industrious investigator of the ethnology of the Pueblo Indians, to which subject she had devoted many years of her life, giving special attention to the Sia, the Zuñi, and the Tewa Tribes. Three memoirs on these Indians, published in the annual reports, are replete with information on the subjects of which they treat, and there is no doubt that when Mrs. Stevenson's memoir on the Tewa Indians finally appears much valuable knowledge will be added to that which she has already given on the sedentary Indians of the extreme Southwest.

With the opening of the fiscal year Dr. Truman Michelson proceeded to Wisconsin in the hope of obtaining ethnologic and linguistic information regarding the Stockbridge Indians residing in that State. It was found that, with respect to the language of this remnant tribe, about a dozen members remembered isolated words, but only one could dictate connected texts, half a dozen of which were recorded. Although knowledge of the language is now too limited to enable restoration of the grammar, enough material was obtained to show that Stockbridge was intimately related to Pequot and Natick, as well as to Delaware-Munsee. The Stockbridges have long since abandoned all their native customs and beliefs, consequently their ethnology may be regarded as beyond recovery.

While in Wisconsin Dr. Michelson procured also ethnologic and linguistic notes on the Menominee. A visit to the Brotherton Indians resulted in the acquirement of little information excepting historical data, as these people have become greatly modified.

Dr. Michelson next visited Tama, Iowa, for the purpose of renewing his researches among the Fox Indians, to which he has been devoting his energies for some time. He was especially successful in obtaining accounts of the mythical origin ascribed to the Fox people, given in the form of rituals, and he gave attention also to the phonetics of the Fox language. A noteworthy result of Dr. Michelson's Fox investigations was the acquirement, through Horace Powashiek, of a complete translation of the two most important Fox myths-the Culture Hero and Mother of All the Earth.

At the request of the Davenport Academy of Sciences, Dr. Michelson conducted some archeological excavations for that institution at its own expense, leave of absence having been granted him for that purpose. En route to Washington, he examined the Sauk and Fox collections in the Field Museum of Natural History at Chicago.

In the office Dr. Michelson paid special attention to the observations on the Sauk and Fox by early writers, especially by the authors in the Annals of the Propaganda Fide, and by Marston, Long, Carver, Beltrami, and others. With the view of definitely settling the question of the relationship of the Yurok and Wiyot languages of California to the Algonquian linguistic stock, Dr. Michelson devoted further study to the subject, reaching the conclusion that whether or not further material would prove these languages to be divergent members of Algonquian, the existing data do not warrant such a classification. Dr. Michelson also devoted attention to the linguistic classification of Potawatomi, based on certain grammatical treatises by the late Father Gailland in possession of St. Mary's College at St. Marys, Kans., which the bureau was permitted to copy through the courtesy of Rev. George Worpenberg, S. J., librarian of the college. By these studies Dr. Michelson concludes from the verbal pronouns of Potawatomi that it belongs to the Ojibwa division of the central Algonquian languages, but that the language is further removed from Ojibwa, Ottawa, and Algonkin than any of these is from the others.

Mr. John P. Harrington, ethnologist, became a member of the staff of the bureau, with the approval of the Civil Service Commission, on February 20, from which time until the close of May he finished 600 pages of manuscript and more than 3,000 slips of linguistic information regarding the Chumash Indians of California, the result of researches conducted by him before entering the service of the bureau. He also has, in various stages of elaboration, a quantity of other Chumash ethnologic and linguistic material in the preparation of which for publication satisfactory progress is being made. At the end of May Mr. Harrington proceeded to Santa Ines Mission, where, among its documents, he found an old manuscript bearing the title "Padron que contiene todos las Neofitas de esta Mision de la Purisima Concepcion con expresion de su edad, y partida de Bautismo segun se halla hoy dia 1o de Enero de 1814," by Father Mariano Payeras, of the greatest importance to the study of the former Chumash Indians of La Purisima and Santa Ines. A complete copy of this splendid manuscript, which does not seem to have been known to historians, was made by Mr. Harrington, who also extracted a considerable amount of other material from the mission records. While at Santa Ines Mr. Harrington located the site of the former large rancheria of Nojoguí (which had not before been known), and also the site of the rancheria of Itias, mentioned in the records. On June 19 Mr. Harrington visited Arroyo Grande, where he worked for a week with a poor, sick old woman, the sole survivor of the San Luis Obispo Indians, for which reason, to use Mr. Harrington's own expression, "the words of her language are precious

beyond the power of money to buy," especially as her speech is the most archaic of all the Chumashan dialects. For the convenience of his field studies Mr. Harrington has established headquarters at Los Angeles, where he has been granted the facilities of the Southwest Museum by the courtesy of its officials.

SPECIAL RESEARCHES.

The preparation of the second volume of the "Handbook of American Indian Languages," under the editorship of Dr. Franz Boas, honorary philologist, has progressed slowly, on account of the impossibility of sending proofs to Russia, where the author of the section on the Chukchee and Eskimo resides. The chapter on Siuslaw, by Dr. Frachtenberg, has been corrected and made up in pages, forming pages 431 to 605 of the second volume. At the beginning of the year Dr. Boas concluded his collection of Kutenai material, which was studied preliminary to the writing of the grammar of this language. The texts collected by him were written out, and the completed manuscript, consisting of 263 pages of Indian texts and 269 pages of translation, has been submitted and set in type, forming 125 galleys. The texts include some material collected by the late Dr. A. F. Chamberlain, which was acquired by the bureau and was revised by Dr. Boas.

Much time has been spent by Dr. Boas in work on his memoir, "Tsimshian Mythology," to accompany the thirty-first annual report. During the fiscal year 1913-14 the tales themselves had been set up. During the year now under consideration the manuscript of the discussion of this material was completed and put in type; it forms pages 394 to 867 of the annual report. In the mechanical work of preparing the manuscript Dr. Boas was assisted by Miss H. A. Andrews, who, besides the preparation of manuscript and proof reading, did much of the laborious work of extracting and collating material needed for the investigation.

The manuscript on Eskimo mythology, intrusted to Waldemar Bogoras and accepted for publication, together with an introduction by Mr. Ernest Hawkes, is held in abeyance, owing to the impossibility at the present time of communicating with the author in Russia.

Dr. L. J. Frachtenberg, special ethnologist, left Washington on July 6, 1914, going directly to Oregon for the purpose of concluding his investigations of the language, mythology, and culture of the Kalapuya Indians, commenced during the previous fiscal year. After a short trip to the Siletz and Grand Ronde Agencies in northwestern Oregon for the purpose of interviewing all available informants, he proceeded to Chemawa, Oreg., where he conducted his Kalapuya investigations until December, and completed them at the Grand Ronde Agency between December 13 and 20, which time was

spent chiefly in the collection of linguistic material for a comparative study of the Kalapuya dialects. Special attention was given to the Yamhill and Yonkalla variations. Dr. Frachtenberg's field work proved highly successful. He obtained 30 myths, tales, historical narratives, and ethnographic descriptions, told in the various Kalapuya dialects, an unusually large amount of grammatical notes, sufficient material for a linguistic map showing the original distribution of the several Kalapuya dialects, and some data on Kalapuya ethnology. A glance at this material reveals some interesting facts: The Kalapuya Indians in former times were the most powerful and numerous family of Oregon. They claimed the whole of the fertile valley of the Willamette, extending from the Coast Range to the Cascade Mountains, their settlements reaching as far north as the present Portland and as far south as the middle course of Umpqua River, an area of approximately 12,000 square miles. These Indians were placed on the Grand Ronde Reservation in 1857, at the close of the Rogue River war. Previous tribal wars and frequent epidemics of smallpox and other infectious diseases have reduced the Kalapuya tribes to such an extent that Dr. Frachtenberg has found but a mere handful of survivors, hence the time is not far off when the stock will become extinct.

The Kalapuya family embraces a large number of tribes, the most important of which are: (1) Atfalati (or Wapato Lake), living formerly on the banks of the Tualatin River; (2) Yamhill, claiming the banks of the river of the same name; (3) Lakmayuk, who obtained their name from the river Luckiamute; (4) Marys River (Calapooia proper), whose settlements were situated along the banks of the Calapooia and Marys Rivers; (5) Yonkalla, the most southerly Kalapuya tribe; (6) Ahantsayuk, also called Pudding River Indians; and (7) Santiam, who formerly lived on the banks of Santiam River. These tribes speak varieties of the Kalapuya language, which show remarkable lexicographic diversities. Morphological differentiations exist also, but are chiefly of a phonetic nature. All differences between the dialects seem to have been caused by a geographic distribution, resulting in the three subdivisions mentioned in the last annual report. Long and continued contact of the Kalapuya Indians with white settlers has resulted in a complete breaking down of the native culture and mode of living; consequently the ethnologic data obtainable were very meager and in most cases were given as information obtained through hearsay.

I the early part of January Dr. Frachtenberg made a short trip to the Siletz Agency for the purpose of settling a few questions pertaining to Alsea phonetics. In view of the fact that the allotment made for his field researches during the fiscal year became exhausted Dr. Frachtenberg was obliged to remain in the field until the close

of June. On January 15 he resumed the work of preparing a grammatical sketch of the Alsea language, which was finished late in May; this consists of 158 sections, approximating 600 manuscript pages. During June he was engaged in typewriting this grammatical sketch, which will be published in part 2 of the "Handbook of American Indian Languages.'

In addition to his field investigations Dr. Frachtenberg corrected the proofs of his grammatical sketch of the Siuslaw language, special attention being given to the insertion of the proper references taken from his Lower Umpqua texts, printed in the Columbia University Contributions to Anthropology.

Mr. W. H. Holmes continued the preparation of the "Handbook of American Antiquities" whenever his exacting duties in behalf of the National Museum permitted. Part 1 of this work is well advanced toward completion; much attention has been given to part 2, and the preparation of the numerous illustrations is well in-hand.

During the month of July, Mr. Gerard Fowke was engaged, under instructions from the bureau, in making limited archeological investigations in northeastern Kansas and southeastern Nebraska, the purpose of which was to ascertain the value of certain recent determinations regarding the age of the prehistoric aboriginal occupancy of this region. Respecting the large mounds, the age of which has been under discussion, Mr. Fowke reports that three points must be taken into consideration in fixing a definite age for these remains, as follows:

1. The relics found in and around the lodge sites, except for the markings on some of the pottery, are in no wise different from those found on the sites of villages which were occupied when Lewis and Clark came through here.

2. Fairly solid bones of animals, and occasionally human bones, are found in the bottoms of the lodge sites, even where these are damp most of the year. In the pits, where such remains are preserved by ashes, this would not mean much; but where they are found in clayey earth it is evident that "thousands of years" is a meaningless term to apply to them.

3. Persons who claim these "thousands of years" for pretty much everything they find in the ground, must explain why it is that while the bones and implements of these assumed “ancients" are found in such quantities and in such good preservation, those of later Indians should have entirely disappeared.

The only tenable theory of age is the amount of accumulation in the depressions of the lodge sites. Above the clay which formed the roof, and is next to the floor now, is a depth of material sometimes, it is said, as much as 20 or even 22 inches of mingled silt, decayed vegetation, and soil from the surrounding wall. It is used as an argument of age; that as these sites are on hilltops where there can be no inwash, this depth must indicate a very note period for their construction. But a large amount of the earth thrown out into the surrounding ring or wall will find its way back into the depression. The water will stand in them a good part of the year, and the soil remain damp even in prolonged drought; vegetation is thus more luxuriant than on the outside, and its decay will fill up rather rapidly. In addition, much sand blows