The family groups illustrated the most effective museum method of presenting ethnological material. The catalogue describes the groups as follows:

The Eskimo family group comprises seven life-size figures clad in the native costumes and colored according to life, engaged in the usual summer vocations and amusements. At the left a woman is cooking meat in a primitive pottery vessel, and another woman is putting dried fish in the storehouse. In the background a man with a sinew-backed bow is watching a youth practicing with his sling. On the right another man is seated on the ground carving a wooden dish with a curved knife, and two little girls are playing with their native toys. The structure in the back of the case is a representation of the storehouse commonly used by the western Eskimo. The dwelling groups show the houses to be dome-shaped, made of earth piled over a cobwork of timbers erected in an excavation in the ground. In the summer a passageway gives entrance, but in the winter a tunnel is built. A bench on which the people sleep runs around the wall on the inside of the house. The cooking within the dwelling is done in a pottery vessel suspended over a lamp.

The group representing the Zulu-Kaffir and Bantu tribes, which live in the semiarid southern extremity of the African continent, depicts the natives as physically strong and energetic and not so dark as the true negro. This race is superior in military and social organizations and compares favorably in the arts and industries with other African families. The group shows a section of a house with a doorway, a fireplace on which a woman is cooking mush, a woman dipping beer from a large pottery jar, a woman from the field with a hoe, a water carrier with a jar on her head, a man playing a marimba or xylophone, and a boy driving a goat. The natives are represented as they existed some years ago, before they were affected by contact with the white man. Other cases include models of the native African dwellings and examples of the handiwork of these people, an interesting feature of which is the primitive ironwork in which many African tribes were highly skilled.

The next group takes the exposition visitor from Africa across the Atlantic to northern South America, where dwells the Carib in the forested tropical interior of British Guiana. Some of the tribes of this great race have only recently been visited by white men. Here is to be seen a Carib warrior with his blowgun, a woman and a child squeezing cassava in a primitive lever press, another woman decorating a tree gourd with characteristic interlocking designs, and a child playing with a pet parrot. A hammock swung between two house posts represents the form of bed in general use in ancient as well as modern Latin America. Among the articles manufactured by these natives examples of ceremonial objects and articles of personal adornment are exhibited, including headdresses, earrings, belts, arm bands, necklaces, and capes. A fourth family group represents the Dyaks of the island of Borneo. They are expert house and boat builders and skilled in the use of the blowgun. Rice, sago, tropical fruits, monkeys, wild pigs, and other game, yield them subsistence. The men are warlike, and are still, to some extent, head-hunters, their weapons being spears, short swords, and blowguns with poison-tipped darts. The Dyak family group is represented on the porch of a communal house, carrying on various occupations. A woman is pounding rice in a wooden mortar, while another is represented as bringing in a basket of rice on her back, a third is making a basket, a man armed with a bayoneted blowgun is approaching with a freshly killed monkey, and two children are shown playing cat's cradle, a popular native game.

The museum exhibits also included a series of objects illustrating the development of six kinds of implements and appliances of the arts-apparatus for fire making, the jackknife, the saw, the spindle, the shuttle, and the ax. Pictures of other exhibits in biology, geology, and anthropology in the National Museum were shown by a "stereomotorgraph" machine.

The Smithsonian Institution was awarded a grand prize, under the head of scientific investigation, for the collective exhibit by the Institution proper, the Bureau of American Ethnology, the Museum, the Astrophysical Observatory, and the Bureau of International Catalogue of Scientific Literature; a grand prize for the balloon pyrheliometer designed and exhibited by the Astrophysical Observatory; a gold medal for the "Group of elk" shown by the Museum; and a silver medal for investigations for the betterment of social and economic conditions. The balloon pyrheliometer, as its name implies, is an instrument for measuring the heat of the sun. It is carried aloft by a pair of rubber balloons until one of them bursts, when it gradually descends to the earth, supported by the other. Records have thus been obtained at heights of over 9 miles.

PANAMA-CALIFORNIA EXPOSITION AT SAN DIEGO.

Although no appropriation was made by Congress for exhibits at San Diego in 1915, it was possible for the Institution, through cooperation with the exposition authorities, to arrange an interesting exhibit of physical anthropology and one illustrating American aboriginal industries. These exhibits were described in my report of last year.

At the close of the San Francisco Exposition a number of the Smithsonian exhibits were transferred to San Diego, this fair having been extended over another year. These exhibits were located in the Science of Man Building, and included four large cases containing the family groups of natives from different quarters of the globe, as described above, and some cases containing specimens of their arts and industries, together with several small family dwelling groups.

NATIONAL MUSEUM.

The report of Assistant Secretary Rathbun, appended hereto, reviews in detail the operations of the National Museum. The total number of new specimens acquired was 243,733; about one-half pertained to the department of zoology, about one-third were botanical and paleontological, and the rest were additions to the anthropological and other collections. Among the ethnological additions of special interest may be noted a series of costumes, weapons, and utensils from British Guiana; many objects from Celebes,

Borneo, and the Philippines; and a large collection from aboriginal mounds and ruin sites in Utah. To the division of American history the additions included china and glassware and other objects once the property of General and Martha Washington. The memorials of Gen. Sherman, which had long been in the custody of the Museum, have now been presented by his son, Hon. P. Tecumseh Sherman, and the Cromwell collection of 20,000 domestic and foreign postage stamps, deposited some years ago, became the absolute property of the Museum on the death of Mr. Cromwell in September, 1915.

To the interesting collection of historical costumes there have been added costumed figures representing four hostesses of the White House, Mrs. James Monroe, Mrs. John Quincy Adams, Mrs. Abraham Lincoln, and Mrs. James R. McKee.

By the will of Dr. Shepard there was bequeathed an important collection of meteorites which had been in the possession of the Museum for a number of years.

In the department of biology the additions were representative of many parts of the world, including mammals, birds, and reptiles from Celebes and Borneo, collected through the long-continued generosity of Dr. W. L. Abbott; and like collections from Siam, Kashmir, northern China, and Manchuria. Part of the results of the Smithsonian biological survey of the Panama Canal Zone was a collection of about 18,000 fishes. The Carnegie Institution of Washington deposited some 8,000 botanical specimens gathered by Dr. J. N. Rose in Brazil and Argentina.

Mr. Rathbun enumerates many other interesting objects recently received, particularly those pertaining to the industrial arts, a department which has been very greatly developed since the removal of the natural history exhibits to the new building, yet the proper installation of series illustrating the many branches of the arts and industries is already seriously hindered through lack of space. It is in this department in particular that the Museum manifests one of its principal functions. The exhibits are so selected and so installed as to teach visitors how things are made and what they are made of, and not so much who makes the best articles or how they should be packed to meet the demands of trade. And yet while these collections first of all educate the public they also teach the manufacturer and therefore are of decided economic importance. One of the leading New England manufacturers not long since, while examining the exhibits in his own industrial line, remarked, "this helps business."

I can not too strongly urge the need of still greater advancement in this department of Smithsonian activities. The time is fast ap68663°-16-3

proaching when there should be constructed in the Smithsonian reservation another new building, a Museum of Industrial Arts. The collections are here and in many respects they surpass similar collections in Europe or elsewhere. The splendid new building in which the natural history collections are now so adequately housed has offered opportunity for the development of that department beyond the highest expectations. Like progress could be made with a Museum of Industrial Arts. European countries have such structures, one is needed here in Washington. It is an economic question. Commercial museums have their place for developing trade and commerce, and are of much value for such purpose, but the development of the artistic taste of the public through an educational Museum of Industrial Arts is of even greater importance. It would stimulate inventive skill and advance every art and every industry. The exhibits illustrating textile industry and mineral technology in particular are very complete, consisting of specimens of raw materials, machinery used in manufacture, and the finished products.

To the National Gallery of Art there has been added a collection of 82 drawings in pencil, pen, etc., by contemporary French artists, a gift from citizens of France to the people of the United States; also an oil painting of Abraham Lincoln, by Story, the gift of Mrs. E. H. Harriman. The paintings in the National Gallery collection are of much popular interest and of great artistic and intrinsic value, but they are crowded in temporary quarters in a building designed for purposes other than a gallery of art.

During the last year Mr. Freer made 535 additions to his collection, including 23 paintings and sculptures by American artists, and over 500 oriental objects consisting of paintings, pottery, bronzes, and jades. The entire collection now aggregates about 5,346 items.

The auditorium in the new building has been the meeting place of a number of scientific bodies and of international congresses; and in the foyer opportunity was offered for several special exhibitions.

In cooperating with schools and colleges there were distributed some 7,000 duplicate specimens of minerals, fossils, mollusks, and other objects, classified and labeled for teaching purposes.

The number of visitors to the new building averaged 1,012 on week days and 1,240 on Sundays.

BUREAU OF AMERICAN ETHNOLOGY.

The Bureau of American Ethnology is under the direct charge of Mr. F. W. Hodge, whose detailed report is appended hereto. The operations of the bureau include field work and special researches pertaining to the American Indians and the natives of Hawaii.

With the cooperation of the Museum of the American Indian, Heye Foundation, the Nacoochee mound in Georgia was excavated and

proved to have been used both for domicile and for burial purposes. In the mound were found a large number of smoking pipes and a great amount of broken pottery. In New Mexico, also in cooperation with the Museum of the American Indian, plans were made for excavating the historic pueblo of Hawikuh in the Zuñi Valley southwest of Zuñi pueblo. Among the most interesting field operations during the year were those by Dr. Fewkes in the Mesa Verde National Park, Colo., where he unearthed a type of structure architecturally different from any hitherto found in the Southwest. The excavation was carried on under the joint auspices of the bureau and the Department of the Interior, and the building, which Dr. Fewkes has named the Sun Temple, is described in a pamphlet published by that department. The Sun Temple is a large D-shaped structure, the longest wall of which measures 131 feet 7 inches. The walls are 2 to 5 feet in thickness and show structural qualities that compare favorably with any building of this type north of Mexico. Dr. Fewkes is of the opinion that though the building was used primarily as a place of worship, it was intended also for a place of refuge in case of attack.

In the Northwest, investigations were continued by Dr. Frachtenberg on the languages, history, and traditions of the various. Indian tribes of Oregon and Washington. In connection with this work it is interesting to note that in revising some manuscript material Dr. Frachtenberg secured the assistance of the last surviving member of the Atfalati tribe of the Kalapuya Indians.

A number of special researches have been in progress during the year, among them research work by Dr. Franz Boas in connection. with the completion of part 2 of the Handbook of American Indian Languages. Through the liberality of Mr. Homer E. Sargent, of Chicago, work has been well advanced on an extended study of the Salish dialects, as well as on a study of Salish basketry, which it is intended to describe in an illustrated memoir. Part 1 of the Handbook of American Antiquities by Prof. W. H. Holmes was in type at the close of the year, and the preparation of part 2 was well under

way.

The study of Indian music by Miss Frances Densmore, which has attracted considerable attention among musicians, has been continued during the year, chiefly among the Mandan and Hidatsa Indians in North Dakota. A number of ceremonial and war songs were recorded phonographically and a new phase of the work was undertaken, consisting of testing the pitch discrimination of the Indians by means of tuning forks. There was in press at the close of the year a bulletin by Miss Densmore entitled "Teton Sioux music."