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carried the bull dog with them, and passing through the town, the dog seized a cow devoted to a Pagod and killed her. Upon this the priests raised a mob, who murdered the whole factory; but some natives who were friends to the English, made a large grave and buried them all in it. The chief of Carwar sent a stone to be put on the grave with this inscription. This is the burial place of John Best and seventeen other Englishmen who were sacrificed to the fury of a mad priesthood and an enraged mob.' The English did not renew their factory there.

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The practice of Dhirna, or a Brahman in order to extort money or secure a demand sitting opposite a house until it was complied with, the Brahman meanwhile fasting as also the person against whom the demand was made, was very common at Benares, but it occurred occasionally in Calcutta. Mrs. Fay states. "A Hindu beggar of the Brahman caste went 'to the house of a very rich man, but of an inferior tribe, request'ing alms, he was either rejected, or considered himself inade'quately relieved and refused to quit the place. As his lying be'fore the door and obstructing the passage was unpleasant, one of 'the servants first intreated, then insisted on his retiring and in 'speaking pushed him gently away; he chose to call this push a blow, and cried aloud for redress, declaring that he would never stir from the spot till he had obtained justice against the 'man, who now endeavoured to soothe him but in vain. Like 'a true Hindoo he sat down, and never moved again, but thirty-eight hours afterwards expired, demanding justice with his last breath; being well aware that in the event of this the 'master would have an enormous fine to pay-which happened "accordingly."

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The Mussulmans of Calcutta though adopting various Hindoo practices, have never amalgamated with the Hindoos. They seem to retain towards them, the views of Timur who said-" The Hin'doo has nothing of humanity but the figure. Ambition charac'terised the Moslem here last century as much as avarice did the Gentoo, but the days are gone for ever when a Mussulman like the Foujdar of Hooghly had 6000 Rs. monthly salary and when the korah or whip was hung up in every Mofussil Court for the Mussulman officials to flagellate the Hindus. In 1804 the Mulins of Calcutta memorialised the Marquis of Wellesley because a thesis was proposed at Fort William College on the utility of translations into the vernacular of works on different religions.' But they are in the sere and yellow leaf and even Tippu was obliged to employ Hindoos in the revenue as he lost so much by the ignorance of Moslem revenue officers."

We might make many other observations on Calcutta in the

Olden Time-its Greek, Armenian and Jewish inhabitants-its French and Dutch neighbours-its river ever changing its course and fraught with reminiscences of the past. But the length to which we have already extended this article forbids our saying

more.

ART. VII.-Memoirs of Major General Sir K. C. B. By JOHN CLARK MARSHMAN. man, Green, Longman, and Roberts. 1860.

Henry Havelock,
London: Long-

As, gliding down the stream of the tranquil present, we look back upon the tumultuous past; as we recall the excitements, the terrors, the atrocities of 1857, it is impossible to feel insensible to that wonderful dispensation of Providence which, when the danger was highest, when the career of triumphant rebellion was as yet unchecked, at least in the Central provinces, when our own resources were at the lowest, brought to the scene of action from another and a distant part of Asia, a Man suited to that dread Hour, whose strong character pitted against hordes of conscienceless traitors, sufficed to restore victory to our standards, and to re-establish the prestige, not lost in fair fight but stolen after foul murder, of the British arms. How this was accomplished, how by the determined energy of this man the tide of rebellion was first turned, must be fresh in the memory of all. If we allude now to the subject, it is because we would wish to dwell for a moment on the character of the chief actor in that part of the great Drama, and to ascertain by what mental training, through what amount of practical experience his natural powers had been so moulded as to attain so brilliant a development.

The

A shy, contemplative, but strong-willed boy, Henry Havelock had been educated for the bar. Circumstances however which he could not control, but which in their immediate result were opposed to his wishes, changed his destination, and at the age of twenty years he entered the army. He entered it at a period when England had had but five years' experience of that peace which was destined to remain unbroken till 1853. signs of its probable continuance however were even then plenteous, and Havelock, dreading the career the most fatal of all others to genuine aspirations-that of being a soldier merely in name-turned his thoughts to a country which held out certain promise of becoming at no distant period the theatre of great events. Of all the possessions and dependencies of England, India at that time alone offered the inducement of a chance of active service. To noble ambitions, to high hopes, to lofty aspirations she was the land of promise. What wonder then, that Havelock who had mastered the theories of his profession with all the ardour of an enthusiast, who had even then brooded over the achievements of the great Captains of ancient and modern epochs, what wonder that he, left free to choose for

himself, should have selected a career in a country in which, if there were many candidates for honor, there appeared to be at least many chances for the aspirant. The studies to which he had devoted the initiatory years of his military life, the complete theoretical knowledge which he had obtained regarding the actual science of war, his perfect acquaintance with the details of all the famous battles of history, had inspired him with a hope, near akin to confidence, that he too would be able to seize and employ rightly that golden moment, which occurs once always in the life time of all who seek it, but which once missed in most cases vanishes for ever. To India then he made up his mind to proceed, and having so resolved, with a just appreciation of the first difficulties which would meet him in that country, he devoted himself, whilst yet in England, to the acquirement of the native languages. To a mind organised as was his, the sudden transition from Jomini to Gilchrist presented no insurmountable obstacles. The ardour which had prompted him to acquire a complete knowledge of the principles of the one, enabled him to master the peculiarities set before him by the other. His progress therefore was rapid, and the gain real and solid. So much in fact had he advanced in his oriental studies during the few months that preceded his embarkation that he was able during the voyage out to become a teacher in his turn, and to impart to others some of the advantages which he had acquired for himself.

Havelock embarked in the General Kyd in January 1823, a Lieutenant in the 13th Light Infantry. The country to which. he was proceeding was at that time under the temporary sway of Mr. John Adam, a gentleman who unconsciously and in spite of himself did more to upset the monopoly of the East India Company than any previous or subsequent ruler. The same month that witnessed Havelock's embarkation, witnessed also the departure from India of the Great Marquess who, in the course of a domination extending over nine years, had raised the glory of our arms to the highest pitch, and had placed upon the firmest basis the material prosperity of the empire. Like others who succeeded him he sailed from India in the full belief that he had left to his successor a legacy of peace; unlike those others, he did leave him an elastic revenue, and a treasury full even to overflowing-a source of strength and power to the strong-an irresistible temptation to the weak.

Havelock reached Calcutta in May of the same year. Within two months of his arrival Mr. Adam, whose tenure of office had resulted from the purely accidental circumstance of his being at the time of Lord Hastings' departure senior member of Council,

was succeeded by Earl Amherst-not however before the occurrence on our eastern frontier of certain manifestations, which laid the foundations of future warfare.

It is not necessary to refer here to the particular causes which brought about actual hostilities with the Burman empire. From the moment that barbarism, till then victorious and uncontrolled, came into contact with European civilisation, the result was inevitable. Commencing in the first instance with an actual attack on our possessions, the court of Ava regarded the gentle remonstrances of the Indian Government as sure signs of conscious weakness. To such an extent did their conceit increase that it became absolutely necessary for the security of our own territories to give to their monarch a convincing proof that, however great might be his superiority to the rude tribes that surrounded him, he was yet unequal to the task of dictating terms to an English Government. In consequence of this necessity, and in pursuance of that wise principle of warfare of which Hannibal may be considered the most brilliant exemplar, Lord Amherst resolved in the early part of 1824 to transport a sufficient force under an experienced General to a part of the enemy's coast, which was at once the most vulnerable and which at the same time might possess the advantage of communicating most easily with the capital. It was confidently believed that a march on Ava, entailing as it necessarily must, more than one encounter between the hostile forces, would suffice to bring the enemy to reason, and to lower the arrogant spirit which had tempted him to invade our possessions. Two divisions from Madras and Calcutta were accordingly organised, and these, leaving their presidencies in the months of April and May 1824, united at the Andamans on the 5th of the last named month, and proceeded at once under the command of Sir Archibald Campbell to Rangoon.

At the time that the Bengal division of this force was organised, Havelock had not completed twelve months' service in India. Occupying the position during this period of a Subaltern of the corps which garrisoned Fort William, no work beyond the mere routine of regimental duty had been assigned him. He had however distinguished himself in a manner, which does not always commend the performer to the favorable notice of the authorities. With all the fervor of his nature he had devoted himself to the study and practice of religion, and not content with that, he had endeavoured to extend amongst his own soldiers the knowledge of the truths which he had found so precious. He became known in the Regiment as a pious, earnest, and at the same time a most zea

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