forest of Guiana. The most remarkable feature of the bush is perhaps the immense quantity of parasites, but particularly epiphytes, with their long descending cord-like roots of all lengths, up to 90 or 100 feet, and not thicker than an ordinary writing quill. They are usually very tough. In one of our excursions my companion and I set to work to pull at one of these. We could not see from what height it came, nor to what kind of plant it was attached; however, we pulled, and with great success, as it happened, but we brought a tremendous shower of water upon our heads, as well as a host of black ants, which teased us dreadfully for a while by getting under our clothing. We had dislodged one of the air-plants belonging to the pine-apple order, and the ants' nest must have been attached to it. The root was, I think, about thirty feet long. The Indians always use them as cables for mooring their canoes. In April last a friend and I started off to see the Victoria regia up the Essequibo river. We were away nearly a week. It was a delightful excursion. The scenery all along the river was really magnificent-thoroughly unlike anything I ever saw at home. The clearness of the atmosphere, the rank luxuriancy of the bush all along the river, mirrored in its gently flowing stream, gave to the whole a picture of exquisite beauty. The habitat of the lily in this district is a lake on an island in the river about the 6th parallel of N. lat.; where Schomburgk first saw it was up above Berbice on the Corentyn river. This lake (Essequibo) was surrounded by dense vegetation, which rendered it very difficult to approach. It was covered with the lily in all stages of its existence-the large white flower, the beautiful crimson edges of the young leaf changing into green as it grows. When it has attained its full dimensions the leaf begins to wither and die at its circumference; but as fast as it decays its place is taken up by a new Thus the great struggle goes on. I managed to get a good view of the place by climbing along the trunk of a tree which partly overhung the lake. A drizzling rain had been falling for an hour or so before we arrived at the lake; but just as I had ascended my perch on the tree it ceased, and a gleam of sunshine fell on the water, with a slight breeze, causing the vast flotilla to roll gracefully to leeward, throwing out various shades of colours. It was certainly the prettiest water scene I ever witnessed. A day or two afterwards I saw the Indians poisoning a small lake with the "Hiari" bush rope. I entered into the sport with right goodwill. The Indians cut the "Hiari" into pieces of about two feet long, then proceed into the water and beat out the juice of it as a blacksmith beats hot iron with a hammer. The fish begin to show signs of uneasiness, very soon get regularly intoxicated, and often jump clean out upon the dry land, unable to bear the poisoned water any longer. When they were in this state of helplessness the Indians, as well as my friend and I, with some half a dozen negroes, speared or caught them with nets by the dozen. They were most extraordinary looking fish. Some of them bite like dogs, and have very sharp teeth. One of the Indians got a severe wound from one of them. The most ferocious fish I have met here is what the Indians call the "piari;" it cuts as clean as a knife. The quantity of fish in these rivers is perfectly surprising, and if I am not mistaken, their natural history has yet to be commenced.

one.

We spent a day at an Indian settlement, where the inhabitants were most scrupulous in painting themselves with red paint all over, but considered themselves amply clothed by wearing a lappet about six inches square. I asked one young man who had painted his body various colours like the belts on a tiger, and had his head dressed out with Macaw feathers, why he did it? His answer was, "because it looked pretty, and the women liked it." I wonder what an Eastern satrap would say if he was transported into the midst of an Indian village, and saw the differ

ence of clothing from that in his own country, where a woman dare hardly show the tips of her fingers. We spent a few nights in the bush, swinging hammocks between trees with a sail stretched over them. We were often disturbed by the noise of the "howling monkeys." They make a most awful and dismal noise. They can be heard several miles away. I see the London Zoological Gardens obtained a pair of them the other day. I have been very much interested in trying to make out the history of the enormous boulders which are to be met with about the penal settlement and above. There is no rock like them within hundreds of miles, and the ground on which they rest is pure alluvial soil. The ground of the penal settlement is covered by a collection of them, forming what, I suppose, would be called a moraine. How came these huge blocks down here-could it be by means of glaciers? The gold discovered up the Euyuni, which is now beginning to excite deserved attention, is found chiefly in boulders of this description. The parent rock is in some of the mountains in the interior-but where, no one knows. There is ample room for explorers in this part of the world. I have not been up to the gold district, although I once tried it. Our boat proved too heavy for hauling over the falls. Descending these rapids is most exciting work. We came down almost at railway-train speed. We have always to get Indians to steer, two in each boat.

V. Notice of Mosses found near Blair-Athole, Perthshire. By Miss M'INROY, of Lude. Communicated by Mr JOHN SADLER.

VI. Principal Plants of the Sutlej Valley* with Hill, Botanical, and English Names; together with approximate Elevations, and Remarks. By Dr HUGH F. C. CLEGHORN.

Kelu (Cedrus deodara), Deodar or Himalayan cedar; 6000 to 8000 ft.— Properly dewa-daru, god-timber, probably identical with the cedar of Lebanon.

Kail (Pinus excelsa), Lofty pine; 7000 to 11,000 ft.

Chil or Sulla (P. longifolia), Long leaved fir; 1500 to 7000 ft.—The resin is used as a dressing for sores.

Neoza (P. gerardiana), Edible pine; 5000 to 10,500 ft.-Wood not used. Rai (Abies smithiana), Himalayan spruce; 9000 to 11,000 ft.-The wood of this is much inferior to the other pines.

Pindrow or Tos (Picea webbiana), Webbian pine or silver fir; 8000 to 11,000 ft.-The wood of this is much inferior to the other pines. Deodar (Cupressus torulosa), Cypress; 6000 to 8000 ft-Wood useful, but trees scarce, not felled.

Lewar or Shur (Juniperus excelsa), Pencil cedar; 9000 to 12,000 ft.— Yields an excellent, light odoriferous wood.

Pama or Talu (J. squamosa), Creeping juniper; 12,000 to 13,000 ft.-Used as firewood in crossing the high passes.

Tuna (Taxus baccata), Yew; 9000 to 10,500 ft.-Wood used for bows and jampan poles.

Paprung or Shamshad (Buxus sempervirens), Box; 6000 ft.-Wood used for plugs of rifle bullets, also for wood engraving.

Bán (Quercus incana), Hoary oak; 5000 to 8000 ft.-The principal firewood in the hill stations.

Bré (Q. ilex), Evergreen oak; 8000 ft.

Mohru (Q. dilatata); 6000 to 9000 ft.-Yields an excellent heavy wood. Kursoo (Q. semicarpifolia), Alpine oak; 9000 to 12,000 ft.-A magnificent tree-timber, much esteemed by the natives.

Quercus floribunda; 9000 ft.

Paharee-Peepul (Populus ciliata), Poplar; 6000 ft.-Wood soft, coma of seeds, a paper stuff.

Populus alba, White poplar.

Akrot (Juglans regia), Walnut; 7000 to 9000 ft.-Wood used for gunstocks and furniture.

Kunch (Alnus obtusifolia), Alder; 4000 to 5000 ft.-The charcoal employed in iron smelting.

Knor (Pavia indica), Himalayan horse-chestnut; 5000 to 8000 ft.—Seeds eaten in time of scarcity.

Bras (Rhododendron arboreum), Rhododendron; 6700 to 8000 ft.— Flowers made into jelly-subacid.

Bhoj-putra (Betula bhoj-putra), Birch; 10,000 to 13,000 ft.-Bark used for writing on, and covering umbrellas.

Bankimu (Corylus lacera), Hazel; 8000 ft.-Wood light, compact. Acer lævigatum, Polished maple; 9000 ft.-The knots are hollowed out, and used as drinking cups.

Kow or Wee (Olea ferruginea), Olive;† 3500 to 5000 ft.-Wood used for combs; it is much like box.

Cham Khuruk (Carpinus viminea), Hornbeam; 5500 ft.-Wood esteemed by carpenters.

This list is a tolerably complete summary of the useful plants found between Rampur and Sungnam.

This resembles closely the European olive.

Eliyun or Ayar (Andromeda ovalifolia), Andromeda; 7000 ft.-Wood used for charcoal.

Rous (Cotoneaster bacillaris), Himalayan mountain ash; 8000 to 10,000 ft.-Wood used for walking sticks.

Thurnel (Benthamia fragifera); 6000 ft.-The fruit used as a preserve. Behul (Grewia oppositifolia); 5000 ft.-The branches are periodically cut in winter time as provender for the cattle.

Dhamnoo (G. elastica); 4000 ft.-The branches are periodically cut in winter time as provender for the cattle.

Toong (Rhus parviflora), Sumach; 5000 ft.-Wood hard, yellow. Kakkar (R. acuminata), Sumach; 5000 ft.-Wood prized for furniture. Titri (R. semialata), Sumach; 5000 ft.-Wood prized for furniture. Tuna (Cedrela toona), Common toon; 6000 ft-Much used for furniture. Kagshi (Cornus macrophylla), Dogwood; 7000 ft.-Charcoal, employed in the manufacture of gunpowder.

Fraxinus xanthoxyloides, Crab-ash; 7000 ft.-Makes good walking sticks, hefts, and handles.

Gengaru (Crataegus crenulata), White thorn; 3000 to 7000 ft.-Used for staves, &c.

Juldaru (Armeniaca vulgaris)), Apricot; 7000 to 13,000 ft.-The apricot does not ripen above Shalkar (J. D. Cunningham); it occurs up to 13,000 ft. It is a common article of food, and a source of wealth.

Aru (Amygdalus persica); Peach.-It has little flavour.

Jamuna (Cerasus cornuta) Bird cherry; 7000 to 10,000 ft.—Simla.
Paddam (C. puddum), Cherry; 3000 to 7000 ft.

Palu (Pyrus malus), Apple. The apples in Kunawar want flavour compared with those in Kashmir.

Mehul (P. variolosa), Wild pear; 3000 to 7000 ft.-When rotten, the fruit becomes sweet.

Trummel (Ficus macrophylla), Wild fig; 5000 ft.—Sold in bazaar, Simla; flavour pleasant.

Akrot (Juglans regia), Walnut; 7000 to 9000 ft.-This fruit ripens well at Pangi, but not much higher.

Ribes nubicola, Currant; 11,000 ft.—Several varieties occur, but the fruit without flavour.

R. glaciale, Currant; 11,000 ft.-Several varieties occur, but the fruit without flavour.

R. grossularia, Gooseberry ;† 10,000 ft.-Asrung valley.

Ungoor (Vitis vinifera), Vine; 7000 to 9000 ft.-The grape is an uncertain crop, and this year (1862) the excess of rain was particularly unfavourable.

Ré or Neoza (Pinus gerardiana), Edible pine; 7000 to 10,000 ft.-The neoza or chilgoza pine is first seen on the Miru ridge, and above Chini becomes a principal tree of the forest. The seeds are collected and stored for winter use, being a regular article of food-the price asked in spring was two annas per seer.

Fenduk (Corylus lacera), Hazel; 8000 ft.-The nuts are sold in Simla. Kaiphul (Myrica sapida), Box myrtle; 4000 to 6000 ft.-Fruit used for making sherbet.

Unsri (Rubus flavus), Bramble; 5000 to 7000 ft.-Fruit used for pre

serves.

*The plantain is last seen below Kotgurh, and the mango near Rampur. †This appears to be identical with R. Himalense, Royle, fig. in Jacq. ic., t. 77.