the City restored to unifon with itfelf, to decorate the memory of the fon, as of the father, with a fiatue in the Guildhall of the Metropolis. The weak yet infidious diftinctions without difference, between good and excellent in the character of a minifter, mark the duplicity of weak minds. A FREEHOLder.

Mr. URBAN,

July 8. CORRESPONDENT enquires,

"the City called Jerufalem was not known (previous to the poffeffion of it by the Jewish nation) by fome other, and what name: or whether there was not a City called Jerusalem, befides that which was the capital of Judea?" He will find that a City among the Amorites was known by the name of Jerufalem, and had a king named Adonizedek, before the coinplete reduction, of the land of Canaan by the Ifraelites (Joshua, X. 1.) This is the earliest account we have of it: it was called at firft Solyma, which Jofephus fays, Antiq. I. c. 11, was afterwards called Jerufalem. and by Herodotus, II. c. 159 (fee Beloe's, III. 5.) Cadytis; by corrupt tranfcribing in Sephanus de Urbibus Kaλuls, which Cellarius fuppofes from the Hebrew AP, or, fignifying holy; and hence the Heathen writers called it Hiero Solyma. Cicero pro Flacc. c. 28. Tacit. Hift. V. I. Strabo, XVI. p. 522. Appian in Syr. p. 191. He rodotus defcribes Cadytis as a mountainous City of Palestine, of the bignefs of Sardis. Necos (Pharaoh Necho) took it after defeating Jofiah at Megiddo, which Herodotus calls Magdohim, and made Jehoiakim king. Prideaux, Connect. I. 56, 57. P. Q.

At the fifth line of the third pararagraph of Dr. Duncan's Religious View of the prefent Crifis, p. 501, that gentleman wishes our readers to fubjoin to the words Mitred Affociale" in the most baleful work of fiends, a fpiritual tyranny eftablished in fupport of an uncontrouled military defpotifm."

as Druggifts; and Medicus helps me out here by adding Grocers, as com pounders of medicines. One folemn affirmation of Medicus only goes to prove, that in fome place he may advert to, the Druggifts have not slept into the Apothecaries province. I have heard of a city, viz. Cork in Ireland, where the various medical branches were kept fo diftinct, that an Apothecary would avoid drefling his own child's cut finger. I am fpeaking of a point of time about forty years elapfed; but the fame nicety may be ftill preferved.

Medicus fneers, moft unhappily, at a Mafer's parlour-lectures. I prefume the first lectures he received, in parlour or theatre, made a lafting impreffion; and I can reft aflured, that no matter in the British Ilands would trouble him felf to lecture his apprentice but with a view to the young man's good. Parifh paupers I was concerned to fee fo near, leit they were to receive fome portion of contempt. Let Medicus recollect, how the Surgeon of Louis the Fourteenth confirmed himfelf in a fuccefsful mode of curing his Royal Matter of a Fiftula in Ano. How, in our lafi good Monarch's time, was Inoculation proved fafe to the people in London? If Medicus and W. P. have never been diftreffed enough to fell a tooth, how many chimney-fweepers, &c. formerly were happy to feel a guinea inftead?

Non omnia poffumus omnes. It is not, however, a fin to attempt to learn every part of the healing art. If W. P. or Medicus, was at this moment on fome unhealthy foreign fiation, furrounded by a detachment of the army, dren, would the great experience of fay 300, including women and chiltheir part years enable either of the to do all the needful for this moley fet? Would not the young man "j Swelle

fwelled to bursting with impatience, &c." be the more complete Doctor?

Medicus may know most of Dr. Har rifon's mind; but my reading of the circular letter, &c. has not informed me that the condemnation of any fet of men is within the Doctor's intention; his utmoft defire feeming that every perfon fhould render himself really capable of the medical offices he profeffes to perform in Society. Let not the Druggift prefcribe, nor the Apothecary take an unlettered apprentice. Ignorance of the female pelvis, or of the numberlefs cautions in obftetrical writers, muft betray unfortunates, who truft to fuch prefumptuous accoucheurs, into maladies incurable, and the unprincipled pretenders to the commiffion of crimes they never meant. I fhould not vote for the introduction of profeffed Quacks; but let thefe be known. Nothing, in my opinion, fhould be more published in a neighbourhood than the education of the Medical refident. Poeta nafcitur, non fit! Tis juft the reverfe with the Phyfician, the Surgeon, and the Apothecary. Thefe Hornets of Medicus deferve, as I think, no fuch denomination; and were the gentlemen fo mifcalled all within hearing, I fhould addrefs them in this way:

"Chirurgo-Pharmacopolifis, Much as I am bound in gratitude to avow very ferious perfonal obligations to one of your body, long fince departed, I cannot utter a fyllable in behalf of a SurgeonApothecary, who may be proved iguorant of the qualities of drugs he is daily ufing, or ftands unacquainted with the peculiar appearances that indicate their purity. Such a brother yourselves will beafhamed of, and renounce according ly. Whilft your apprentice-boys are yet too little informed to prepare medicines for patients, I am not afraid that these will be left to any fatal pelle, for one fimple reafon-that you, Gentlemen, cannot fubfift but by counteracting every means of dying, and dead men tell no longer upon anv fick lift. Your own interests are fufficient fecurity, with every reafonable perfon, that all poffible care will be taken to prevent accident, from depriving, perhaps, at family of its head, the empire of a fubject, and your day-book of a produc

tive name.

"I pass by an accufation against you for not preparing chemicals, becaufe fuch proceffes, on a fmail feale, are

most unthrifty: but the world reckons upon your due difcrimination of wellprepared articles, fince it is clearly your own advantage not to be cheated, and that your purchases are made where a general character for good faith and accuracy precludes all doubt.

"It is wifely propofed by my learned brother, that young Phyficians, as a first profeffional tiep, shall for two years. regularly compound Medicines. Your fraternity will confer a national benefit in affording them fuch opportunities behind the counter: truft not, however, to their "completely claffical" education, as incapable of miftakeA Tyro doctor may, by reading the technical mark of ounce for drachm, or other error in excels; as easily fend out a finishing over-dofe, as an apprentice boy. Recollection, we hope, of fuch kindnefs on your part, will ever fuggeft to thofe Phyficians, in advancing life, the means of their own early excellence; and at least, we truft, their prefcriptions fhall neither be fent to Druggift, Grocer, or other inadequate compounder.

"One weighty charge remains, but, by good luck, there exifts a counterpoife in the likelihood of miftake: it is faid you have refused the attendance of Phyficians.

Whilst the iffue of difeafe in many inftances difappoints our fairest expec tations, I cannot attribute to lefs than grofs prefumption, any certain af furances of complete recovery from a fit of fick nefs. The natural hiftory of even a mild difeafe admits of finifter terminations from mal-practice on one fide, and from neglect of rules on the other. Now in every cafe of promised ultimate fuccefs, the laft-mentioned caufe of difappointment generally acts with great force; and this brings me to the improbable part of any SurgeonApothecary taking upon himfelf a gratuitous refponsibility, when a Phyfician has been propofed to relieve him from it altogether. No caufe adequate to fuch egregious folly is produced: the reverfe occurs fo very often, that I am not difpofed to entertain a charge, founded, as it feems, on misapprehenfion. My voice goes to pronounce your body of mott especial use to the community at large: Medicus has uttered a very different opinion. From Dr. Harrifon, the words of an umpire are requelled with all fubordinate humility, by W. P."

Mr.

ISLAND OF ST. DOMINGO.

WHILE the question of the slave Trade agitates the public mind, and feems approaching to a precipitate decifion, we cannot help prefenting to our readers an excellent fummary (abridged from the Eclectic Review) of events in the Ifland of Saint Domingo before the "emancipating all the Slaves in that flourishing colony" brought about the establishment of the black empire of Hayti, the name which it now affumes, and which was its antient denomination, when firft difcovered, in 1492, by Columbus.

The first chapter of Mr. Rainsford's newly-publifhed Hiflory of that Ifland is wholly occupied in reciting the fettlement and fubfequent conqueft, by the Spaniards, whole cruel and pernicious policy in the deftruction of the antient inhabitants forms a prominent feature of the work. In this

part of it, the accufation frequently brought against the Spaniards, of employing blood hounds, in the dreadful work of extermination, is fully proved. Eighteen years after Columbus had founded the colony, only 14,000 out of one million of Indians remained alive; the reft having perifhed in the gold mines, by famine, or through grief and defpair, for the lofs of their liberty. It is remarkable, that Las Cafus, the humane Bithop of Chiapa, and the indefatigable friend of the Indians, is confidered as the first who propofed the introduction of African flaves, a race which was deftined 300 years afterwards to venge the wrongs of Hifpaniola, and refcue it from the fetters of Europe.

merce, and shipping. As the French colony, prospered in one part of the Inland, fo proportionally did the Spanifh decline in the other.

In 1717, the latter contained but 18,418 perfons of all defcriptions, of whom only 2000 were natives of Spain, though, more than 200 years before, it had 14,000 Caftilians, and ten times that number of flaves and people of colour. Cruelty, religious intolerance, indolence, and the pride and ignorance of the government, had produced this rapid diminution of numbers and prof perity.

In 1754, the French colony exported produce to the amount of 1,261,4691; and imported from France to the amount of 1,777,5091. The colony then contained of white inhabitants 14,000, people of colour 4000, and negroes 172,000.

From this time to the unfortunate period of the revolution, the colony prefented a difplay of brilliant fuccefs, profperity, and opulence, molt creditable to the French character. In 1764 the population of the white inhabitants had increafed to 20,000. People of colour and negroes to 206,000.

"From this period, to the commencement of revolutionary activity in 1789, when thofe principles which had long been concealed in a mouldering flame, were about to have vent through the world, the French eftablishment in St. Domingo reached a height fuperior, not only to all other colonial poffeflions, but to the conception of the philofopher and politician; its private luxury, and its public grandeur, aftonished the traveller; its accumulation of wealth furprized the mother country; and it was beheld with rapture by the neighbouring inhabitants of the islands of the Antilles. Like a rich beauty furrounded with every delight, the politicians of Europe fighed for her poffeffion; but they fighed in vain; the

was referved for the foundation of a re

public as extraordinary as it is terrible, whether it ultimately tend only to the afcertainment of abstract opinions, or unfold a new and auguft empire to the world, where it has heretofore been deemed im poffible to exist." Rainsford, p. 64.

"The cultivated land in the col my amounted to 2,289,480 English acr s, which was divided into 793 plantations of fugar, 3117 of coffee, 789 of cotton, 3160 of indigo, 54 of cocoa or chocolat and 623 fmaller fttlements for raifing grain, yams, and other vegetable food.

1. p. 85.

To

"To defcribe the productions of the French colony of Saint Domingo, would be enumerating thofe of the Antilles. Their principal were, however, as have been before described, fugar, coffee, cotton, indigo, and cocoa or chocolate. To these may be added a little tobacco.

"In return for the useful'droves of cat

tle for flaughter and labour, fmoked beef, bacon, fkigs, and the greateft part of the money received from Spain, they fupplied their neighbours with wearing-apparel, hardware, and guns.

"The population was confidered (in 1789) at about 40,000 whites, 500,000 negro flaves, and 24,000 free people of colour; and the average experts, as ftated by M. Marbois, the intendant of the Colony, amounted to 4,765,1291. fterling."

"The women of colour are often elegant, if not fometimes really beautiful. The Mulattoes were frequently opulent and refpected. The free man of colour had the command of his own property, without any restriction, both in life and death; he could bear teftimony even

against the whites; he could marry as he

pleased, and tranfmit freedom to his chil

dren; and he might embrace a liberal profeffion; but prejudice frequently damped his efforts, and precipitated him below what an hoftile law could have done. The meanness of birth was never forgot ten in his own land." pp. 88, 89.

Mr. Rainsford reprobates the weak and voluptuous character of the profligate Colonifts, as corrupting the manners of the Negroes, and confequently as one of the leading caufes of their ruin; and remarks, that the effects of vice in undermining public virtue, is the fire bafis of revolt.'

In 1789, the project of Briffot, and the fociety called The Friends of the Blacks, at Paris, began to unfold itfelf; and to the white inhabitants of St. Domingo, every motion of the court and kingdom became a fubject of debate. Provincial and parochial meetings produced violent refolutions, and at length the election of 180 members, to form a national affembly for the island. The Mulattoes were not filent in allerting their fuppofed rights. The friends of the blacks were not idle; their eloquence affified to roufe into action that fpirit of revolt, which only fleeps in the enflaved African or his defcendant, and which has produced on both fides fuch horrors, as would make even angels weep." Had the planters, inftead of endless difputes among themfelves, rather calmed than provoked the difcuf

.

fions of thofe around them; allowed the Mulattoes a portion of that freedom for which all were clamorous, and which few understood; and conciliated the affections of thofe, from whofe labours all their wealth and confequence were derived, many fubavoided, and they would have deferved fequent miferies would have been fame time they would have laid a founthe approbation of mankind; at the dation for the happiness of their pofterity, far more lafting than the bequest of inordinate wealth, or imaginary freedom.

The third chapter treats of the progrefs of the revolution, and the ac complishment of the independence of St. Domingo.-It is a hittory of horrors, exceeding the moft dreadful enormities of the Buccaneers of America, fo long the execration and abhorrence of all civilized nations; and but for the authenticity of its vouchers, would fet credulity itself at defiance. Through every flage of the French revolution, bly were viewed by the proprietors of the proceedings of the National Affemthe eftates in this great Colony with a jealous eye; and the declaration of the Rights of Man was no way calculated to remove the impreffion. The Negroes were not inattentive fpectators of the fcenes that were acting both in France and on the Ifland, when the Mulattoes took up arms, excited to it by the reluctance which the Colonial Affembly had manifefted, to allow them an equal participation of rights with the white inhabitants. The facred name of Liberty here, as in the mothercountry, was the fignal for deeds of blood; and the firft infurrection of the people of colour was not quelled without the lofs of many lives, together with the barbarous executions of the ringleaders. It is worthy of remark, that the Colonial Affembly had been elected, and had exercifed its legislative powers, without any authority from France; but the members, finding themfelves unequal to the task of quieting the diftractions that were daily increafing, fuddenly refolved to embark for the parent-country, and plead the caufe of the Colony at the bar of the National Affembly. On their arrival at Paris they were fuddenly arrefted, and the news of this event involved St. Domingo in more confufion than ever. The Mulattoes rofe a fecond time in arms; the king's troops, in a manner

as