H. Stephens, the most honoured statesman of the South, long and strenuously resisted it. We have heard from the lips of men born and educated at the South, and owning large numbers of slaves, the severest condemnation of secession and disunion. The Southern papers contained lamentations and threats directed against the rich, as a class, for holding back from the rebellion, through fear of losing their money. As a body, however, there is no doubt that the slaveholders in the cotton states earnestly desire independence. As to the numerous class called "poor whites," they are poor in every respect; poor in property, in education, and in influence. Mr. William Gregg, in an address delivered before the South Carolina Institute, in 1851, estimated the number of white people in that state "who ought to work, and who do not, or who are so employed as to be wholly unproductive to the state, at one hundred and twenty thousand." These people, he says, are "wholly neglected, and are suffered to while away an existence but one step in advance of the Indian of the forest." There are not much more than three hundred thousand white people in South Carolina, and of these, we are told, that nearly one-half are in a state of ignorance, want, and barbarism, little above that of savages! Does any other civilized state in Christendom exhibit such a condition of its people! This is proud South Carolina! These poor whites, nevertheless, are great advocates of slavery. They are free, and therefore they are above the negro. It is their only distinction. They can easily be roused, therefore, to oppose what they are told is abolitionism, and to support a pro-slavery government. Nevertheless, they are, and are felt to be, a dangerous class. When evil comes, when fears are entertained of servile insurrections, and these poor whites are called upon to patrol the country, to keep guard over their own cabins as well as over the mansions of the planters, then they ask themselves the question-why they should thus watch, and thus tremble for their own lives and those of their families, to uphold a system which makes the few rich and the many poor. This we have heard from men who were born and passed their whole lives at the South. It is not, however, a matter to be wondered at, that the slaveowners, as a class, have supreme control, and have been able

for the time to enlist the whole resources of the country in their support. This unanimity is, however, merely superficial. In no one of the cotton states did the leaders venture to submit the question of secession to a popular vote. They dreaded the opposition of the non-slaveholding majorities. It is on those majorities the government rely for the restoration of the Union. It is not subjugation, but emancipation of the people from a selfish and tyrannical minority, this great war is intended to accomplish.

Should the prediction, however, of our English kinsmen be accomplished; should this Union be dismembered, and the Southern Confederacy, whose corner-stone is slavery, establish its independence, what will be the result? Nothing but Omniscience can answer that question. But what is the dream which the leaders in this rebellion hope to realize? It is the establishment of an empire, in which capital shall own labour; in which one race shall have all wealth and power, and the other shall be slaves-not for a time, or during a transition state, but permanently, as the best organization of society. This state of civilization, involving of necessity the barbarism, ignorance, degradation, and misery of the majority of the people, is not only to be perpetuated, but indefinitely extended. For this end, this glorious Union-founded by God, as all good people hoped and believed, to be the home of the free, the refuge of the oppressed, the instrument in his hand for the dissemination of Christianity and civil liberty throughout the world-is to be overturned.

We earnestly pray that England may be saved from the guilt of favouring such a cause. Sure we are, that if she, or any other foreign nation, should openly take part with this rebellion, it will excite the millions of the North to ungovernable frenzy, and produce a scene of desolation, over which men and angels may well weep.

SHORT NOTICES.

Some of the Mistakes of Educated Men. The Biennial Address before the Phrenakosmian Society of Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, Pa. By John S. Hart, LL.D.

Among college anniversary addresses we have rarely met with one so full of valuable practical remarks, on the subject of which it treats, as this. It is clearly the fruit of long observation and experience in the department of life to which it pertains. With hardly an attempt at that literary ornamentation, which forms the principal feature of the greater number of such productions, and yet with a peculiar grace and felicity of style, it presents a series of considerations of the most vital interest to literary and professional men. Recognising work as the only effector of all that genius as well as learning can conceive, it proposes for its subject the means of retaining both body and mind in working condition; and the mistakes of educated men mentioned are such as go to impair the capacity of the body to subserve the purposes of the mind, which cramp, embarrass, or dissipate the energies of the mind itself, or interfere with the facility or effect of effort. The subject is familiar, the remarks in themselves far from recondite; they will be accepted as just and valuable, and perfectly natural, and yet not one in a hundred ever thought them into such a practical shape. As was proper to the occasion on which they were uttered, they are framed to correct the mistaken notions of young men, yet coming from the heart of mature experience, they have profitable suggestions for all. "We talk a great deal about genius. What we say, is no doubt all very fine. But, much as it may seem to you to be letting the subject down, depend upon it, you will not go far astray practically, if you define genius to be an extraordinary capacity for labour. I know well enough that such a definition does not exhaust the idea. But I have taken some pains to investigate the problem of the productions of genius, and the nearer in any given case I have been able to get at the very interior essence of things, the more have I been satisfied that no world-wide greatness was ever achieved, except where there has been a prodigious capacity for work. Genius, at least that kind which

achieves greatness, is not fitful. It has an iron will, as well as an eagle eye." "Now it is obvious that in order to any such career, the body must have adequate powers of endurance. Long continued mental labour, especially where the feelings are enlisted, makes fearful drafts upon the bodily frame.' "My first advice, then, to young men pursuing or completing a course of liberal studies, is, take care of your bodily health. Without this your intellectual attainments will be shorn of more than half their value. I dwell upon this point, and emphasize it, because on every side of me, in professional life, and especially in the clerical profession, I see so many helpless, hopeless wrecks. Verily, there is some grievous mistake among us in this matter."

"I do not propose to tell how this strong physical health is to be secured. All I wish is to call your attention to the subject." "Let me, however, say this much. We must live more in the open air than we do. We must warm our blood less by closed rooms and air-tight stoves, and more by oxygen breathed upon the beautiful hill sides. We must spend more time in innocent outdoor amusements." "When a professional man is exhausted by intellectual labour, it is not in a dismal, solitary walk to recuperate him. Better let him pull off his coat, and join the young folks on the green in some kind of honest game." "Do not misunderstand me. I am not for turning life into a holiday. My views of life are serious, almost severe. But, for the stern realities of duty, we all need, and none more than those who do brain work, the recuperation which comes from active amusement in the free open air."

As one of the effects of this fine bodily health in connection with mental culture, he remarks upon the greater capacity of the senses, that in their healthy action, and in the service of a well disciplined intellect, they collect more valuable material for thinking. "The man who has learned drawing or painting, sees more than other men do. The man who has studied music, hears more. The cultivation of the eye, the ear, the hand, and of the other bodily organs and senses, multiplies in an ever increasing ratio the occupations and capabilities of the mind."

In a similar manner the author discourses of methods going to fortify and facilitate the exertions of literary men, under heads referring to comfort and facility in work; to persistence in occupation; to methods of maintaining freshness and variety of thought, and suggestions concerning the application of culture in letters and in society.

Without pretending to any superior wisdom on these important topics, the author treats of them in a plain and sensible manner, calculated to arrest attention, and guide observation to useful practical results. We recommend the discourse to the consideration of those to whose interests it is addressed.

Historical Lectures on the Life of our Lord Jesus Christ; being the Hulsean for the year 1859. With Notes, critical, historical, and explanatory. By C. J. Ellicott, B. D., Prof. of Divinity, King's College, London; late Fellow of St. John's College, Cambridge; author of Critical and Grammatical Commentaries on St. Paul's Epistles. Boston: Gould & Lincoln, 59 Washington street. New York: Sheldon & Co. Cincinnati: George S. Blanchard. 1862. Pp. 382.

An able book by an able man. It deals with the facts rather than with doctrines or truths of the gospel history. It designs to harmonize, synchronize, and to illustrate those facts. It is also apologetic in its character, being designed to vindicate the historical verity of the Evangelists. It is, therefore, a very seasonable and valuable book.

The Works of Francis Bacon, Baron of Verulam, Viscount St. Albans, and Lord High Chancellor of England. Collected and Edited by James Spedding, M. A., of Trinity College, Cambridge; Robert Leslie Ellis, M. A, late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge; and Douglas Denon Heath, Barrister at Law; late Fellow of Trinity College, Cambridge. Vol. II. Boston: Published by Brown & Taggart. 1861.

This is a new volume of the elegant, convenient edition of Lord Bacon's Works, now in the course of publication by Messrs. Brown & Taggart, of Boston. We have repeatedly called the attention of our readers to this important enterprise.

History of the Development of the Doctrine of the Person of Christ. By J. A. Dorner, Professor of Theology in the University of Göttingen. Division Second. From the end of the fourth century to the present time. Vol. I. Translated by the Rev. D. W. Simon, Manchester. Edinburgh: T. & T. Clark, 38 George street. London: Hamilton, Adams & Co. Dublin: John Robertson. 1861. Pp. 456.

This is volume tenth of the third series of Clark's Foreign Theological Library. Dorner's History of the Doctrine of the Person of Christ is by far the most extended and thorough which has ever been published. It is a work of immense labour and research; written with an apparent spirit of fidelity, but nevertheless coloured, more or less, from beginning to end, by the peculiar philosophic opinions of the writer. It is a work to be studied and used, but not to be implicitly followed as a guide.