Comparative Physical Biology

acid action potential active transport adult aggregation anaerobic Anguilla AuNa biological systems blood plasma calculated cells and tissues cellular change of chemical chapter chemical morphology chemical potential chloride colloidal components concentration concepts conceptual scheme configurational entropy configurational free energy contraction degree of freedom depend determined dielectric constant dielectric energy Donnan equilibrium electrical potentials electrolyte electrolyte balance electrolyte composition electromotive force equation expressed external fibers fluid functions GIBBS glucose heat homogeneous implies independent variables inorganic intracellular intracellular phases invariant invertebrates ion distribution ionization JOSEPH kcal macromolecular mammalian membrane metabolism milieu intérieur muscular negative entropy nomogram nutrients organism period phase rule phosphate physiological polyelectrolytes potassium processes proteins protoplasm r₁ represents requires respiratory resting potential reversible secondary properties skeletal muscle sodium solution species standard chemical potential structure substances tension theory univariant values vertebrates water and electrolytes well-ordered zero