THE son of Frederick, Prince, of Wales, succeeds to By the death of George II., the crown devolved upon his grandson, George III. the throne, at the age of 22 (25th Oct.)

1771. Contest about parliamentary reporting. 1772. Royal Marriage Act (11th Feb.).

1773. Financial aid given to the East India Company.

WARREN HASTINGS first Governor-General of India. Riot at Boston, caused by an attempt to levy the duty on tea sent from India (16th Dec.).

1774. Petition of the Massachusetts Assembly, presented by Benjamin Franklin, dismissed by the Privy Council.

Act for closing the port of Boston (14th March). Meeting of American representatives at a Congress in Philadelphia.

1775. Commencement of hostilities. Encounter between the American militia and the British troops at Lexington (18th April).

The Thirteen colonies form themselves into a Union (29th May).

another act asserting the power of parliament to bind the colonics "in all
cases whatever." The weakness of the Rockingham ministry caused the king
to recal Mr. Pitt, who was created Earl of Chatham and Lord Privy Seal,
leaving the dignity of First Lord of the Treasury to the Duke of Grafton. But
Chatham's illness threw the Government into confusion; and, upon their defeat
on the Land-tax, Charles Townshend, the Chancellor of the Exchequer,
carried an Act for granting duties in America on glass, red and white lead,
painters' colours, paper, and tea. When the new parliament assembled (May
10th, 1768), Chatham had completely retired from public affairs, and in Novem-
ber he resigned the Privy Seal. But in January, 1770, he re-appeared in
parliament to denounce the policy of the Government towards America. In
the same month, the Duke of Grafton was succeeded as Prime Minister by
Lord North, whose first act was to repeal the obnoxious duties, except that on
tea. Even this concession had been announced by the new colonial secretary,
Lord Hillsborough, in terms offensive to the colonists; but two years passed
before the open rupture. Meanwhile, the Corporation of London wrung from
the House of Commons the liberty of reporting the debates (1771); and the
offence given to the king by the marriages of his brothers of Cumberland and
Gloucester led to the Royal Marriage Act (1772).

In 1773, Parliament granted financial aid to the East India Company, and a Governor General was appointed to reside in Bengal. The permission given to the company to export 17,000,000 pounds of tea to the colonies, the colonial tax being paid in the American ports, caused the riot at Boston, which proved the first overt act in the American Revolution (Dec. 16th, 1773); and the king was the first to suggest, in a letter to Lord North," the pretensions of the Americans to thorough independence." The Boston Port Bill, and the Massachusetts Government Bill, restricting the charter of the colony, in vain opposed by the indignant eloquence of Chatham, Burke, and Charles James Fox (second son of Lord Holland), were passed by both Houses with their doors locked; and General Gage arrived at Boston as governor, to carry them out by force of arms (May 13th, 1774). In the following year, the civil war broke out; and, the year after, the colonies were constituted by their Congress as the United States of North America. The unflinching resolution of GEORGE WASHINGTON carried the American cause through great straits, till the capitulation of General General Burgoyne, with 4000 men, surrenders at Burgoyne at Saratoga led Louis XVI. openly to espouse their cause (Feb. 6th, Saratoga (17th Oct.).

Indecisive battle at Bunker's Hill (17th June). Unsuccessful attack of the Americans on Quebec. 1776. Boston is evacuated. Declaration of Independence by the American Congress (4th July). 1777. Defeat of Washington at Brandywine, and capture of Philadelphia (11th Sept.).

1778. France joins the Americans.

Mitigation of the Penal Laws against the Roman Catholics (28th May).

1779. Spain joins the Americans.

1780. Riots in consequence of repeal of the Penal Laws, suppressed by the military (9th June.) Lord George Gordon is committed to the Tower.

Armed neutrality of the Northern Powers. War is declared against Holland (20th Dec.). 1781. Lord Cornwallis surrenders at York Town to General Washington (29th Oct.).

Louis XVI. accepts the New Constitution (13th Sept.).

The Treaty of Pilnitz, between Austria and Prussia, for the restoration of the royal

authority in France (27th Aug.).

The French Constitution is remodelled.The Legislative Assembly meets (1st Oct.). Gustavus III. of Sweden is assassinated (1792).

Ministry of the Girondists in France (20th April).

The Duke of Brunswick issues a manifesto against the Revolution (25th July). The Tuileries are stormed (10th Aug.). Massacres in Paris (2nd-5th Sept.). Opening of the National Convention (21st Sept) The Jacobins acquire power. The King is deposed, and a Republic is declared (22nd Sept.).

Trial and execution of Louis XVI. (1793). First Coalition of European States against France.

A Committee of Public Safety is installed at Paris (6th April.) The Jacobins, or Mountain Faction, gain the ascendancy.

The Revolutionary Government, or Reign of Terror, commences (March). - The Girondists are put to death (Oct).

Second partition of Poland, between Russia and Prussia. The patriots are beaded by Koskiusko.

1778). In the ensuing debate, Chatham fell death-stricken in the House of
Lords. The accession of Spain to the American cause, in 1779, the armed
neutrality of the Northern Powers, and the declaration of war against Holland,
on account of her treaty with America (Dec. 20th, 1780), made the contest
almost universal. The humiliating reverses in America were gilded over by the
glory of the defeat of the Dutch off the Doggerbank (1781), by Elliot's (Lord
Heathfield's) splendid defence of Gibraltar (1780-1782), and by the naval
On the other hand, Minorca was lost (Feb. 5th, 1782); and the contest in
victory of Lord Rodney over De Grasse in the West Indies (April 12th, 1782).
America had already been decided by the capitulation of Lord Cornwallis, with destroyed.
7,000 men, to Washington and Lafayette, at York Town

Robespierre is overthrown and beheaded (28th July, 1794). The Jacobin Club is suppressed.

Battle of Warsaw.-Polish liberties are

Holland is conquered by the French (1795). Prussia concludes a peace with France at Basle (5th April).

Helland remodels its government as the Batavian Republic (16th May).

After a brief struggle to support the king in his obstinate resolution, Lord
North resigned; and Lord Rockingham (a second time Prime Minister) con-
ceded the claim of Ireland to Legislative Independence. In the same session,
Edmund Burke carried an economical reform, and William Pitt (the second
son of Lord Chatham) made a motion for Parliamentary Reform, which was
lost by only 20 votes (May 7th). Pitt was Chancellor of the Exchequer in the Sept.)

Third Constitution in France. Moderate Democracy. A Directory of Five (23rd

PRINCIPAL EVENTS (continued).

1782. Fall of Lord North (20th March). Second Ministry of LORD ROCKINGHAM.

Defeat of the French fleet under De Grasse by
Admiral (Lord) Rodney (12th April).

Pitt's motion for a Reform of Parliament (7th May).
Legislative Independence granted to Ireland.
Ministry of LORD SHELBURNE (July).
Peace of Paris with America (Nov. 30th).
1783. Peace of Versailles with France (Jan. 20th).
The Independence of the United States recognised.
Formation of the COALITION MINISTRY (5th April).
The India Bill of Mr. Fox is rejected.
Ministry of the younger WILLIAM PITT (23rd Dec ).
1784. Pitt's India Bill thrown out (23rd Jan.).
His repeated defeats in parliament.

Parliament is dissolved (25th March).
Parliament meets (18th May).

Pitt's India Bill passed (13th Aug.).

New

OBSERVATIONS (continued).
short-lived ministry formed by the Earl of Shelburne on the death of the
Marquis of Rockingham (July 1st, 1782), by which peace was concluded with
America (Nov. 30th, 1782), and with France and Spain (Jan. 20th, 1783).

The House of Commons censured the terms of peace, and Lord Shelburne
resigned (Feb. 24th, 1783). The king reluctantly accepted a Coalition Ministry,
in which Lord North and Charles James Fox were Secretaries of State, under
the Duke of Portland; and he seized the opportunity of the defeat of Fox's
India Bill in the Lords to dismiss the ministry, and to confer the offices of First
Lord of the Treasury and Chancellor of the Exchequer on WILLIAM PITT, now
only in his twenty-fifth year (Dec. 19th, 1783). The Prince of Wales, who
attained his majority this year, took his seat in the House of Lords as an
adherent of the Coalition Ministry, and in open political opposition to his
father (Nov. 11th, 1783).

FIRST MINISTRY OF WILLIAM PITT.

Bonaparte, aged 26, is appointed Commander-in-Chief of the army in Italy (1796).

Defeat of the Austrians at Lodi (11th

May), Castiglione (5th Aug.), and Arcola (15th Nov.).

Power of Godoy in Spain. - Alliance of France and Spain (1796).

Defeat of the Austrians at Rivoli (1797). The States of the Church are conquered (1797).

Treaty of Peace with the Pope at Tolentino (19th Feb.).

Peace of Campio Formio between France and Austria (1797).

Negotiations are opened at Radstadt (9th

Dec.).

The government of Pitt lasted for the remaining seventeen years of the
century. After a fierce contest with the hostile House of Commons, an appeal
to the country gave a large majority to the King and Pitt, who began his
career as the minister of peace and reform, financial and parliamentary.
he set the example of reducing customs duties, as the only preventive of
While restoring the balance between income and expenditure by new taxes, Republic at Rome.

The Papal Government is suppressed.—

Napoleon sails for Egypt (1798).

The negotiations at Radstadt are broken Second coalition against France (1799). Suwarrow recovers Italy from the French (1799).

New Constitution in France.-Napoleon First Consul (13th Dec.).

Napoleon crosses the Alps (1800), and defeats the Austrians at Marengo (14th June), Moreau gains the battle of Hohen

linden (3rd Dec.).

smuggling. His India Bill established the Board of Control as a department of the ministry, to govern India in conjunction with the Directors of the off. Company. His scheme for improved commercial intercourse with Ireland was defeated in the Irish Parliament, and his plan of parliamentary reform was rejected, for the third time, by a majority of 74. Having obtained a surplus, 1785. Resignation of Warren Hastings (Feb.). Pitt attacked the debt by what has since been discovered to be the delusive method of a Sinking Fund; and gained the honour of concluding a Commercial Pitt's motion for Reform again defeated. Treaty with France, which, however, was annulled by the Revolution. But Private marriage of the Prince of Wales to Mrs. full effect was given to Pitt's great reform of the indirect taxation by a consolidation of the duties of customs, excise, and stamps. The alienation of the Fitzherbert (21st Dec.). King and the Prince of Wales now became complete. The Opposition moved parliament to aid the prince; and the king at length instructed Pitt to obtain a vote for the payment of the prince's debts. In October, 1788, George III. was seized with a violent fever, resulting in a decided attack of insanity. In the ensuing debates, Fox maintained that the Prince of Wales should assume the regency as of course; but Pitt vindicated the right of parliament to appoint the Regent, and defined the limits of his authority. Scarcely, however, had the bill passed the Commons, when the king recovered (Feb. 1789); and a public thanksgiving was celebrated with the utmost enthusiasm. The debates on the Regency embittered the king's hostility to the Whigs, and secured Pitt's

1786. The Sinking Fund established. Impeachment of Warren Hastings (4th April). Attempt of a mad woman on the King's life. 1787. A Treaty of Commerce and Navigation with France approved by the Commons (12th Feb.).

Pitt's reform of indirect taxation (23rd Jan.). 1788. The trial of Warren Hastings begins (13th Feb.).

Illness of the King (Oct.).
Debates on the Regency.

1789. Recovery of the King (Feb.).
Thanksgiving at St. Paul's (23rd April).
Outbreak of the French Revolution.

place in the affections of his sovereign and of the nation.

THE FRENCH REVOLUTION.

At this climax of his power, the great champion of peace and reform was transformed by the force of events into the minister of reaction and of war. The outbreak of the French Revolution raised the alarm of aggression from abroad and of republican sympathies at home. At the opening of parliament in 1790, Pitt asked for an increase in the army estimates, as a precaution, but expressed his hope of "a long continuance of peace; and the only important transaction abroad was the settlement of a dispute with Spain, about an insult to the British flag at Nootka Sound. Fox and Sheridan expressed in parliament

Paul of Russia is assassinated (1801). Peace of Luneville, between Austria and France (9th Feb.).

Spain and France declare war against Portugal (22nd Feb.).

French alliance with Russia and Turkey. Napoleon is elected Consul for life (1802). Execution of the Duke D'Enghien (1804). Napoleon is proclaimed Emperor (18th May).

Francis II. abdicates the elective title of Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, and assumes the hereditary title of Emperor of Austria (11th Aug.).

Napoleon is crowned King of Italy at Milan (1805).

The third coalition against France (1805). The Austrians are defeated at Austerlitz (2nd Dec.).

The Peace of Presburg (26th Dec.). Louis Bonaparte is made King of Holland (1806).

Confederation of the Rhine (12th July).

PRINCIPAL EVENTS (continued). 1790. Increase of the army estimates. Burke separates from the Whigs.

1791. Riots at Birmingham (14th July).

1792. Peace with Tippoo Sahib (Feb.).

OBSERVATIONS (continued).

their admiration of the Revolution; while Burke openly separated himself from
his friends, and powerfully stimulated popular indignation by his "Reflections
on the French Revolution." On the anniversary of the taking of the Bastile
(14th July, 1791), a "Church and King" mob burned the houses of Dr. Joseph
Priestley and other Dissenters at Birmingham. Still Pitt adhered to neutrality
and reform. On the 31st Jan., 1792, the King congratulated parliament on
tranquillity and prosperity: on the 17th of Feb., Pitt made a masterly exposition

CONTEMPORARY EVENTS (continued).
The Prussians are defeated at Jena (14th
Oct. 1806)

Berlin Decree of Napoleon against British commerce (21st Nov.).

Fourth coalition against France (1807).
Battle of Friedland (14th June).
Peace of Tilsit, between France and

Resolution of the Commons for the gradual abolition of his financial policy; and on the 2nd of April, in a master-piece of eloquence, Russia (8th July).

of the Slave-trade (26th April).

Fox's Libel Bill is passed.

Proclamation against seditious meetings and writings (21st May).

1793. Alien Act passed (4th Jan).

The French Envoy, Chauvelin, is ordered to quit
England (24th Jan.).

The French Convention declares war (1st Feb.).
Unsuccessful expedition of the Duke of York to

Dunkirk.

1794. Threat of invasion from France. enrolled.

he supported Wilberforce's motion for the abolition of the slave trade. Fox
carried his Libel Bill, empowering juries to return a verdict of "guilty" or
not guilty upon the whole issue. A coalition between Pitt and Fox was
even proposed; but the public excitement defeated all moderate counsels. Mr.
(afterwards Lord) Grey's notice of motion for parliamentary reform was
opposed by Pitt as ill-timed; and on the 21st of May, 1792, a proclamation
was issued against seditious meetings and writings.

The Kingdom of Westphalia is created for Jerou.e Bonaparte (1807).

The royal family of Portugal embark for Brazil (27th Aug.).

The Milan Decree, prohibiting all com

merce with England (11th Nov.).

French troops seize the States of the Church (1808).

Charles IV. abdicates the crown of Spain to his son Ferdinand VII. (1808).

Ferdinand VII. is compelled to renounce the Spanish crown. Joseph Bonaparte is made King of Spain (1808).

The Junta of Seville declares war against France (1808).

By the outbreak of Aug. 10th, 1792, in Paris, royalty was abolished, and a
Republic proclaimed. On the death of Louis XVI. upon the scaffold, the French
envoy was ordered to leave England, and war was soon after commenced between
England and France (A.D. 1793). This war was signalized by a succession of
brilliant naval victories; those of Lord Howe, in the Bay of Biscay (A.D. 1794); of
Lord St. Vincent over the fleet of Spain, which had entered into an alliance with the
Republic (a.d. 1797); and of Admiral (Lord) Duncan, over the fleet of Holland,
Militia which had at this time become a province of France. In the midst of these
victories the country was alarmed by a formidable mutiny at the Nore, which
was suppressed after some weeks by the firmness of Lord Duncan. While her
flag was triumphant by sea, success did not attend the earlier military operations
of Great Britain. Two expeditions, sent under the Duke of York to the
Netherlands, proved fruitless; and an attempt to relieve the inhabitants of
Toulon, who had declared for Louis XVII., failed. Fruitless negotiations for Emperor of the French (1808).
peace were carried on by Lord Malmesbury in 1796 and 1797.

Conviction and transportation of Muir and Palmer. The Habeas Corpus Act is suspended (23rd May). Trial and acquittal of Horne Tooke, Hardy, and Thelwall, on a charge of high treason (22nd Oct.5th Dec.).

The French fleet is defeated off Ushant by Lord Howe (1st June).

1795. Warren Hastings is acquitted (23rd March). Marriage of the Prince of Wales (8th April). Disastrous expedition to Quiberon (5th June). Bread riots at the opening of parliament (29th Oct.).

Further repressive measures (Dec.).

The Cape of Good Hope and Ceylon taken from the Dutch (26th Aug.).

1796. Suspension of cash payments (27th Feb.). The "United Irishmen " enrolled.

War declared by Spain (6th Oct.).

At home, meanwhile, the policy of the government was directed by the assumption that political reform was a step to republicanism, and that reformers were the secret allies of France. This assumption was countenanced by the conduct of fanatics like Thomas Paine, who formed societies to advocate "The Rights of Man," while the patriotism of the great body of the people, and their indignation at the judicial murder of Louis XVI., took form in the counter "Associations in support of the Constitution." This preponderance of the popular feeling, rallying round the person of the king, made the government all-powerful.

Portugal arms against France. Conference at Erfurt between Napoleon and Alexander (27th Sept.).

Napoleon enters Madrid (4th Dec.), leaves 22nd Dec

Birth of Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte (son of Louis, King of Holland), now

Fifth coalition against France (1809). The Tyrolese under Hofer rise against the French (1809).

The Austrians are defeated at Eckmühl (22nd April), at Ratisbon (23rd April), and at Wagram (6th July).

Peace of Vienna, between Austria and France (11th Oct.).

Napoleon divorces Josephine (16th Dec., 1809). and marries Maria Louisa of Austria (1st April, 1810).

Decree for the burning of all British manufactures (18th Aug.).

Marshal Bernadotte is chosen heir to the crown of Sweden, as Charles Jolin (21st

Alexander withdraws from his alliance with Napoleon (1810).

The Traitorous Correspondence Bill (March, 1793) deprived persons accused
of treason of their statutory privileges. Early in 1794, two reformers, Muir
and Palmer, were sentenced in Scotland to long periods of transportation; and
led to the Suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act on the 23rd of May. The Act
a royal message to parliament, concerning the proceedings of certain societies, Aug.).
was frequently suspended during the war. Then followed the memorable trials
for high treason of Hardy, Horne Tooke, Thelwall and others, whose acquittal America (1810).
was procured by the forensic skill and eloquence of Erskine. The repeated
threats of French invasions inflamed the popular ardour, and "the spirit of
Reform was abundantly neutralised by the spirit of Patriotism." It was in
vain that even Wilberforce, the friend of Pitt, raised his voice in parliament for

Revolt of the Spanish colonies in South
Birth of the King of Rome (1811).
French alliance with Prussia (24th Feb.),
and Austria (24th March).
Peace of Bucharest, between Russia and

Birth of the Princess Charlotte of Wales (7th Jan.). peace (Dec., 1794). In 1795 took place the ill-omened marriage of the Prince | Turkey (1812).

PRINCIPAL EVENTS (continued).

1797. Defeat of the Spanish fleet off Cape St. Vincent, by Admiral Jervis (Lord St. Vincent), 13th

Feb.

OBSERVATIONS (continued).

of Wales to the Princess Caroline of Brunswick; when parliament raised the prince's income to £138,000, of which £73,000 were to be set aside to pay off his debts, amounting to £630,000. Provisions grew very dear: the king, on his way to open parliament, was Mutinies at Spithead and the Nore suppressed assailed with cries for "Bread (29th Oct.), and the breaking of his carriage(6th April-12th June). window by a missile gave occasion for new coercive laws, against Treasonable Attempts, and against Seditious Meetings. On Saturday, the 25th of Feb., 1796, the Bank of England informed Pitt that their bullion was exhausted. The Council Defeat of the Dutch fleet off Camperdown by suspension was authorised by Pitt's Bank Restriction Act, which remained in ordered the suspension of cash payments from the ensuing Monday; and this Admiral (Lord) Duncan (11th Oct.). force till the 1st of May, 1821. Guineas were superseded by notes for £1 and £2.

Fruitless negotiations for peace.

1798. Rebellion in Ireland commences in March; is quelled in September.

Victory of the Nile (1st Aug.).
Pitt imposes an Income Tax.

CONTEMPORARY EVENTS (continued).

Napoleon declares war against Russia (22nd June). Battle of Smolensko (17th Aug.), and of the Borodino (7th Sept.). Napoleon enters Moscow (15th Sept.) Burning of Moscow (15th Sept.); Napoleon commences his retreat (19th Oct.), passes the Beresina (26th Oct.), and arrives at Paris (19th Dec.)

Treaty of Kalisch, between Russia and Prussia against France (1818).

Indecisive battles of Lützen (2nd May), and Bautzen (19th May).

Austria declares war against France (15th Aug.). The Allies are repulsed by Napoleon at Dresden (27th Aug.)

Victory of the Allies at Le pzig (16th19th Oct.). The confederation of the Declaration of the Allied Sovereigns at Frankfort (4th Dec.).

In Ireland, important events had taken place. The Protestants had, in the
year 1779, been formed into volunteer corps. At a meeting at Dungannon, A.ð.
1781, they demanded, before laying down their arms, an alteration in the law
which rendered the Irish Parliament dependent upon the English Legislature. Rhine is dissolved.
The obnoxious Act was repealed (1782), but other causes of discontent, however,
Ulster, was formed, known as the Society of United Irishmen, to effect alterations
in the government. Concessions were made, but the disaffection continued,

Seringapatam is taken by General Harris, and remained. In 1791, a body, consisting at first chiefly of Protestant Dissenters of
Tippoo Sahib is slain (4th May).

1799. Bonaparte is repulsed by Sir Sidney Smith and, in 1797, insurrection broke out. The rebels were defeated with great at Acre (20th May). loss by General Lake at their fortified post on Vinegar Hill in Wexford. Two years later, the ministry succeeded in passing a measure for a LEGISLATIVE UNION between England and Ireland (A.D. 1800). By this measure it was provided that Ireland should be represented in the Imperial Parliament by four spiritual Lords sitting by rotation, twenty-eight temporal Lords elected for life, and one hundred Commoners.

Second expedition of the Duke of York to Holland. UNION of Great Britain and Ireland (27th March). 1800. Armed neutrality of the Northern Powers against England (Dec.).

In the French revolutionary army, by which Toulon was besieged, was a young officer of artillery, who was destined to take his place among the greatest 1801. First Parliament of the United Kingdom generals of modern times-NAPOLEON BONAPARTE. In a single campaign, meets (22nd Jan.). Napoleon subdued the power of Austria in Italy; and in 1798, he sought, by an expedition into Egypt, to strike a blow at British influence in the East. He Pitt resigns. Ministry of MR. ADDINGTON. sailed from France with a splendid armament. A British squadron was sent in Victory over the French at Alexandria. Death of pursuit under Admiral Nelson, then rising into fame. The French fleet was overtaken in Aboukir Bay, near the mouth of the Nile; and, after a battle lasting Sir R. Abercromby (21st March). through the night, was defeated with great loss. Cut off from communication with Europe, and repulsed at Acre by Sir Sidney Smith, Napoleon returned to France. After his departure, a British force under Sir R. Abercromby was 1802. Peace concluded with France at Amiens sent against the remains of the French army left in Egypt; and General Menou (27th March). was defeated in a battle fought near Alexandria. The Northern powers, Russia, Sweden and Denmark, having about the same time combined to resist the maritime rights claimed by England, an expedition was sent to the Baltic, under Sir Hyde Parker, with Lord Nelson as second in command. Nelson attacked the Danish fleet moored off Copenhagen, and, after a severe engagement, the Crown Prince of Denmark consented to an armistice.

Battle of Copenhagen (2nd April).

1803. War with France is renewed (18th May). Battle of Assaye, in which the Mahrattas are defeated by Sir A. Wellesley (23rd Sept.). Emmett's Insurrection in Ireland. French Preparations for invasion. Boulogne.

The Volunteers are enrolled.

Camp at

1804. Pitt resumes the government (10th May). Napoleon, Emperor of the French (18th May).

PEACE OF AMIENS.

The year 1801 closed the first administration of Pitt, who resigned from inability to pass a measure for the relief of the Roman Catholics. He was succeeded by Mr. Addington (Lord Sidmouth). A negotiation with France was entered into, and a treaty of peace was signed at Amiens (A.D. 1802). Peace, however, was not of long duration.

Murat declares for the Allies (1814). Louis XVIII. is invited to return to France (1814).

Treaty of Kiel. Denmark cedes Norway to Sweden (1814).

Defeat of Marmont at Montmartre. The Allies occupy Paris (31st March).

Abdication of Napoleon at Fontainebleau (6th April). The Isle of Elba is assigned to him with the title of Emperor. Louis XVIII. is declared King. By the Treaty of Paris France is reduced to the limits of 1792.

The Congress of Vienna opens (1st Nov.). The Electorate of Hanover is erected into a kingdom.

Napoleon leaves Elba (26th Feb., 1815); arrives in France (1st March).

Belgium is united to Holland. The Prince Netherlands (19th March).

of Orange takes the title of King of the

Louis XVIII. withdraws to Ghent (19th March).

The Act of the Congress of Vienna is completed. A new confederation is formed in Germany (9th June).

Napoleon joins the army (12th June); after his defeat at Waterloo he gives himself up to Capt. Maitland of the Bellerophon (15th July); sails for St. Helena (8th Aug.), and arrives (15th Oct.).

Louis XVIII. returns to Paris (8th July). The Holy Alliance between Austria, Russia and Prussia (26th Sept.).

Murat attempts to recover Naples, and is shot (13th Oct.).

By a treaty with Russia, the Protectorate of the Ionian Isles is ceded to Great Britain (5th Nov.).