Treaty of Wallingford,
A.D. 1153,

Between Stephen and the Empress Maud. Its conditions were that Stephen was to keep the crown during his life, and was to be succeeded by Henry, the son of Maud; that William, the son of Stephen should be confirmed in all the lands possessed by his father before he became King, and that the Bishops and Barons should swear fealty to Henry.

Treaty of Bretigny,

May 8th, 1360.

The ransom of John, King of France, was fixed at 3,000,000 crowns. Edward resigned all claim to the crown of France, and to the provinces of Normandy, Maine, Touraine, and Anjou, and retained in full sovereignty Guienne, Gascony, Poitou, Saintonge, the Limousin, Angoumois, Calais and Ponthieu.

Treaty of Troyes,

May 21st, 1420,

Between Henry V. and the Duke of Burgundy. Its conditions were, 1. that Henry should marry the Princess Catherine; 2. that he should be Regent of France during the lifetime of King Charles; 3. that Henry should succeed to the throne at the death of Charles.

Treaty of Pecquigny,
1475,

Between Edward IV. and Louis XI. of France. Edward agreed to withdraw his army from France on condition of receiving 75,000 crowns. The Dauphin was to marry the eldest daughter of Edward.-Louis broke off the match in 1483.

Treaty of Estaples,

Nov. 3rd, 1492,

Between Henry VII. and Charles VIII. of France. The conditions were that Henry should withdraw his army from France, and that Charles should expel Perkin Warbeck, and should pay £149,000 and an annual tribute.

Treaty of Westminster,
April 5th, 1654,

Between the States General and the English Commonwealth. Its conditions were that the Dutch should pay the usual honour to the English flag: that £350,000 should be paid as compensation for the massacre at Amboyna; and that neither Commonwealth should aid the enemies of the other.

A second Treaty of Westminster, on very similar terms, ended the Third Dutch War (Feb. 9th, 1674).

Peace of Ryswick,

Sept. 20th, 1697,

Between France, England, Austria, Spain and Holland. Louis restored his conquests from Spain and Germany, and recognised the title of William as King of England. Commissioners

were to settle the dispute as to the Hudson's Bay territory The League of Augsburg, which had been organised by William of Orange against Louis XIV. (A.D. 1686), was dissolved.

The Grand Alliance, Sept. 7th, 1701, Between England, Austria and Holland, to prevent the succession of Philip, grandson of Louis XIV., to the throne of Spain. This alliance was afterwards joined by the King of Portugal and the Duke of Savoy, and was followed by the War of the Spanish Succession.

Peace of Utrecht, March 31st, 1713, Between England, Holland, Portugal, Savoy, France and Spain. Philip V. of Spain renounced the succession to the crown of France. Hudson's

Bay territory and Nova Scotia were ceded to the English by France, and Minorca and Gibraltar by Spain. By the Treaty of Radstadt (1714), Spain resigned Naples, Milan and Sardinia to Austria.

The Quadruple Alliance,

1718,

Between England, France, Austria and Holland, against Philip V. of Spain, who sought to obtain the Regency of France, and to regain the territories resigned by Spain by the treaty of Utrecht. -In 1720 peace was concluded by Philip, who joined the Quadruple Alliance. The Spaniards were defeated at Cape Passaro by Admiral Byng.

Treaty of Hanover,

Sept. 3rd, 1725,

Between England, France and Prussia, to counteract the first Treaty of Vienna between Austria and Spain, by which the East India Company, established at Ostend by the Emperor, was guaranteed, and the Allies, by secret articles, agreed to demand the restitution of Gibraltar.Sweden and Holland also acceded to the Treaty.

Treaty of Seville,

Nov. 9th, 1729, Between England, France and Spain, by which the Asiento was granted to England, and the English agreed to the succession of the Infant Don Carlos to the Duchy of Parma.

Treaty of Vienna,

March 16th, 1731,

Between England, Holland, and the Emperor: it was agreed that the Charter of the Ostend East India Company should be cancelled, and that England should guarantee the Pragmatic Sanction.

Peace of Aix-la-Chapelle,

1748,

Between England, Holland and Austria on one side, and Frauce and Spain on the other, terminating the Austrian Succession War, in which England had aided Maria Theresa. Its conditions were that England and France should mutually surrender their conquests, and that Prussia should retain Silesia. France engaged to demolish the fortifications of Dunkirk.

Peace of Paris or Fontainebleau, Feb. 10th, 1763, Between England, France and Spain, closing the Seven Years' War, in which England had been the ally of Prussia. By this Treaty France ceded to England Canada, Nova Scotia, Cape Breton, several of the West Indian Islands, and Senegal, in Africa. Minorca was exchanged for Belleisle. Spain ceded Florida to England.

Peace of Versailles,

Sept. 3rd, 1783,

Between England and the United States, France, Spain and Holland, terminating the American war of Independence. England recognised the independence of the United States, and gave them the right of fishing on the banks of Newfoundland; exchanged with France Tobago and St. Lucia for Dominica, Grenada and other West India islands, and restored Chandernagore and Pondicherry in the East Indies. To Spain, England ceded Minorca and the Floridas, and to Holland all her possessions, except Negapatam.

Peace of Amiens,

March 25th, 1802,

Between England and France, Spain and Holland, terminating the First Revolutionary war. England ceded all the French, Spanish and Dutch colonies acquired in the late war, except Ceylon and Trinidad; restored Malta to the Knights of St. John, and Egypt to the Porte. France evacuated Naples and the Papal States.

First Peace of Paris, May 30th, 1814, Between France and England, Austria, Russia and Prussia. France was reduced to her limits of 1792. England was to retain Malta, Tobago, St. Lucia, and the Isle of France, but was to restore all other French and Spanish colonies, as well as the East Indian colonies of Holland, except Ceylon. Hanover was made a kingdom, with descent only in the male line. Napoleon retained the title of Emperor. Elba was assigned to him. The War of 1812-14, between England and the United States, was ended by the Treaty of Ghent (Dec. 24th, 1814).

Second Peace of Paris,

Nov. 20th, 1815,

Between France and England, Austria, Russia and Prussia. France was reduced to her limits of 1790, and was to pay £28,000,000 for the expenses of the war. One hundred and fifty thousand men of the allied armies were to be supported in the frontier towns of France for five years. Ail the works of art seized by France were to be restored. Belgium was united to Holland.

Third Peace of Paris,
March 30th, 1856,

Between Russia and England, France, Austria, Sardinia and Turkey. The Russian frontier was drawn back from the mouths of the Danube; her protectorate in the Danubian Principalities was abolished; the Black Sea and Danube were neutralised for commerce; Russia agreed to dismantle the fortifications of Sebastopol, and not to maintain a naval force in the Black Sea.

CONSTITUTIONS OF CLARENDON,

A.D. 1164.

Of these provisions, sixteen in number, the principal were:-that the clergy should be brought under secular jurisdiction; that no tenant in chief should be excommunicated, and no clergy should leave the realm without the king's consent; that the king should approve of the election of bishops; that appeals should lie from the Spiritual Courts to the king; and that the bishops should do homage for the lands of their Sees.

MAGNA CHARTA,

June 19th, A.D. 1215, Provided that no aids should be levied from the Tenants of the Crown without their consent; and that no freeman should be imprisoned but by the lawful judgment of his Peers (vide p. 44).

STATUTE OF WESTMINSTER I. 1 Edw. I.,

For the reformation of various abuses and defects.-It may well be called a Code.

STATUTE OF GLOUCESTER. 6 Edward I., c. 1. For the better administration of justice.

STATUTE OF MORTMAIN, "DE VIRIS RELIGIOSIS," 7. Edw. I., Prohibited the gift of lands to religious societies, without the consent of the Lord of the Fee.

DE DONIS CONDITIONALIBUS, 13 Edw. I., c.1 (Westminster II.),

Created estates tail; securing the transmission of lands through the different generations of the same family; and enacted that, in default of issue, the estate should revert to the donor.

"QUIA EMPTORES," 18 Edw. I.,

Prohibited subinfeudation, and the creation of new Manors. CONFIRMATION OF THE CHARTERS,

25 Edw. I.,

Confirmed Magna Charta, and the Charter of the Forests. The latter provided that all the land afforested since the accession of John should be thrown open; that illegal and excessive punishments should be abolished, and that all forest abuses should be inquired into and removed.

STATUTE OF TREASON,

25 Edw. III.,

Limited the crime of High Treason to, 1, compassing the death of the king; 2, Levying war against him; and 3, Aiding his enemies.-(Additional safeguards, of the greatest importance for the accused were added by the 7 & 8 Will. III. c. 3 (1696): "An Act for regulating trials in cases of treason and misprision of treason," and by another act of 7 Anne).

STATUTE OF PRÆMUNIRE,
16 R. II., c. 5,

Put out of the king's protection any person procuring at Rome, or elsewhere, bulls, excommunications, instruments,

etc., which touch the king, his crown, and realm.

TOLERATION ACT,

1 Will. & M., c. 18, Repealed the Acts requiring Dissenters to conform.

BILL OF RIGHTS, 1 Will. & M., c. 2, Declared illegal the dispensing power, the erection of Courts of High Commission, and the keeping a standing army, without the consent of Parliament. It secured freedom of debate, and the right of the subject to petition the king.

ACT OF SETTLEMENT, 12 & 13 Will. III., c. 2, Limited the succession to the crown to Sophia, Electress of Hanover, and her heirs, being Protestants. It enacted that the Judges should hold their office during life; and that no person holding office under the Crown should be capable of holding a seat in Parliament. The latter clause was subsequently modified (vide p. 94).

SEPTENNIAL ACT, 1 G. I., c. 38, Repealed the Triennial Act, and extended the duration of Parliament to seven years.

REFORM ACTS,

2 Will. IV., and 31 & 32 Vict., Abolished "rotten boroughs;" extended the franchise ultimately to tenants at £14 in counties, and rated householders and lodgers in boroughs; and redistributed the seats among old and new constituencies (vide pp. 124, 125).

A.

Abercrombie's victory and
death at Alexandria, 106.
Aberdeen Ministry, 119.
Abyssinia, expedition a-
gainst. 125.
Acre, Bonaparte repulsed by
Sir Sidney Smith at, 106.
Addington Ministry, 106.
Addressers & Abhorrers, 85.
Afghan wars, 114, 116.
Agincourt, victory of, 55.
Agricola in Britain, 3.
Aids, feudal. 38, 52.
Aix Roads, Lord Cochrane's
exploit in, 107.

Aix-la Chapelle, peace of, 84,
101, 128, 139.
Alabama (the) sails from
Birkenhead, 123.

Alaska ceded by Russia to
the United States, 131.
Alban (St.). the first British
martyr, 3.

Albert, the Prince Consort,
dies, 123.

Albion, the original name of
Britain, whence derived, 3.
Albuera, Soult defeated at,

108.

Alcuin, 6.

ALFRED the Great visits

Rome 10; anointed at an
early age by Leo IV., 13;
becomes king, ib.; stops
of the
the incursions
Danes, ib.; his 56 battles,
ib.; his militia, fortresses,
and survey of England, ib.;
his Dom-Book, ib.; founder
of the laws of England, ib.;
his learning, ib.; father of
the
the literature of
country, ib.

son of Ethelred mur-
dered, 24.
Alfric, canons of, 21.
Algerine pirates defeated by
Lord Exmouth, 109
Algiers taken by French, 113.
Alien Act, 105.

Alliance, the Grand, 89. 90.
Amboyna, massacre of the
English at, 77.
America discovered, 65: co-
lonies founded underEliza-
beth, 71; foundation of the
several colonies, 95; Act to
impose stamp duties on,
102; tea duties imposed,
ib.; Revolution, 102; a ge-
Deral Congress summoned
by the colonists, ib.; first
overt act of the Revolu-

tion, r03; the colonies con-
stituted by their Congress
as the United States of
America, ib.; Declaration
ib.;
of Independence,
France joins the Ameri-
cans, ib.; Peace of Paris,
104; American Indepen-
dence recognised,ib.; Ame-
rica declares war against
England, 108.
Amiens, Peace of, 106, 139.
Angles, the, 7.

Anglia (East), kingdom foun-
ded, 7; list of its kings, ib.
Anglo-Saxon history, mate-
rials for, 29.

Line, remarks on, 28.
poetry, 6.

Anlaf the Danish chieftain, 15
ANNE, Queen. reign of, 90.
Anselm, Archbishop of Cau-
terbury, 36.
Appropriation Act, 94.
Architecture, Saxon, 7; im-
proved by the Conquest,

39;

-

Norman arch and
pointed arch, 52; Early
English style-Decorated
style Perpendicular, or
later English style-Nor-
man Ecclesiastical, 39.
Argyle's (Duke of) insurrec-
tion and execution, 86.
Armada (the Invincible) de-
feated, 71.
Armagnacs, 55.
Arminius condemned by the
Synod of Dort, 76.
Army (Standing), its con-
stitutional origin, 94.

, Navy, and other Forces,

132.
Arrest for debt on mesne
process abolished. 114.
Arthur, Prince, nephew of
King John, 44.
Articles (39) of Religion
agreed upon, 68.
Arundel (Earl of) imprisoned
by Charles I. for a private

offence, 92.
Ashburton treaty with Ame-
rica, 116.

Aske (J.) rising in York-

shire headed by, 67.
Assaye, Sir Arthur Welles-
ley's victory at, 106, 131.
Divines at
Assembly of
Westminster, 81.
15;
ATHELSTAN, King,
makes Wales tributary to
the English Crown, ib.; his
laws, ib.

Atterbury

(Bishop) im-
peached and banished, 99.
Aughrim, battle of, 89.
Augustine introduces Chris-
tianity into Kent, 4.
Austerlitz, battle of, 104.
Austria established at head
of German Empire, 56.
Austrian Succession, war of
the, 101.
Australian settlements, 131:
Provinces, ib.; Statistics of
emigration to, ib.; popu-
lation of, ib.
Avignon, removal of the
Papal See to, 47.

B.

Bacon, Lord Chancellor, im-
peached and fined, 77.
Badajos, storming of, 108.
Balaklava, battle of, 120.
Balance of power in Europe,

73.

Baldwin, first Latin Emperor
of Constantinople, 44.
Baliol and Bruce's conflict-
ing claims to the Crown
of Scotland, 46; genealo-
gical table illustrating
their claims, 137.
Bank of England established,
89. 95; Bank Restriction
Act, 106; Suspensions of
the Bank Charter Act, 117.
Bankruptcy, law of, 129.
Bannockburn, victory of the
Scotch at, 47; James III.
defeated and murdered by
his barons at, 64.
Barebones Parliament, 82.
Barnet, battle of, 58.
Baron, title of, 61.
Baronets, the Order institu-

ted, 77:
Barony by tenure and by
summons, 61; by writ and
by patent, ib.
Barossa, Sir T. Graham's vic-
tory at, 108.
Bartholomew's Day (St.).
massacre of, 70
Battle Abbey, 27.

Bayeux tapestry, 39.
Becket (Thomas-a-), 42.
Bede, the Venerable, 6, 29.
tablished, 113.
Belgian independence es-
Benevolences arbitrarily le-
vied, 64; made recoverable
by law, 72.
Berlin and Milan decrees, ex-
cluding British goods from
the Continent, 108.

105, 107.

104.

Louis, King of Holland,

Bonapartist rule in France
restored, 119.

Boston riot, from attempt-

ing to levy duty on tea, 103.
Bothwell Bridge, the Cove-
nanters defeated at, 85
Boulogne

besieged, by
Henry VII., 64.
established, 89.
Bourbon dynasty in Spain

Family compact, 102.
Boyne, battle of the, 88,
Bramham Moor, battle of, 79.
the English
Breakspear,

Pope, Adrian IV., 37.
Breda, treaty of, 139.
Bretigny, treaty of, 139.
Bretwaldas, or sovereigns of

England, title of, 4, 9; Sax-
on princes who bore it, 4.
Brice's Day (St.), massacre
of the Danes on, 21.

U

Bridge over the Thames,
first stone. 44.
Bristol surrendered to Fair-
fax and Cromwell, 81; riots
and conflagrations in, 112.

(Earl of), Charles I.'s re-
fusal of a writ of summons
to. 92.

Britain, derivation of word,
3; under Romans, ib.
British tribes, principal, 3;
possessions, list of, 131.
Britons, a branch of the Cel-
tic or Gælic tribe. 3.
Brittany (Bretagne) peopled
from Britain, 3.
Broad Bottom Ministry, of
which Pelham was head, roo
Bruce's (Robert) victory at
Bannockburn, 47.

(David) taken prisoner
by Queen Philippa, 48.
Buckingham (favourite of

Charles I.)assassinated, 78.
Bunker's Hill, battle of, 103.
Burdett (Sir F.) committed
to the Tower, 107.
Burke's Reflections on the
French Revolution, 105.
Burmese War, 119.
Busaco, Wellington defeats
Massena at, 108.
Bushel's case establishes the

rights of jurymen, 93.
Bute's (Lord) Ministry, 102.
Bye, conspiracy of the, 76.
Byng, (Admiral) sentenced
to death, 101.

C.

Cabal Ministry, 85.
Cabinet Government, date
of the system of, 93.
Cabot's (Sebastian) discover-
ies. 65.

Cabul entered by the British
army, 114.
Cade's (Jack) insurrection,
56.

Caesar's invasion of Britain, 3.
Vienne, 48; surrendered
Calais defended by John de
to Edward III., ib; six con-
demned citizens saved by
the intercession of Queen
Philippa, ib; surrendered
to the Duke of Guise, 69.
Calcutta, English factory es-
tablished at, 88; black
hole of, 101.
Calendar reformed by Gre-
gory XIII., 71.
California, discovery of gold
in, 119.

Cambria, derivation of. 3.
Camperdown, defeat of the
Dutch fleet off, 106.
Canada, conquest of, 102;
insurrection in Lower.114;
union of the Canadas, 115;
constitutional government
established in, 116; Do-
minion of Canada estab-
lished by the fusion of
Canada, Nova Scotia, and
New Brunswick, 126, 131.
Canals, epoch of, 133-
Canning (Mr.), Prime Minis-
ter, 111.

and Castlereagh, duel
between, 108.
Cannon first used at the
battle of Cressy, 48.
Canon law collected, 37..
Canton ransomed for six
million dollars, 115.
CANUTE besieges London,
22; obtains the sovereignty
with the consent of the
Witan, b.; his wise govern-
ment, ib.

as

Cape of Good Hope taken
from the Dutch, 105.
Capet (Hugh) elected
French King,
Caradoc (Caractacus) led
prisoner to Rome, 3.
Carlist movement in Spain
suppressed, 124.
Carthagena, expedition to,

Catherine of Arragon betro-
thed to Prince Arthur, son
of Henry VII. 65.
Catholic Emancipation, 128.
Cato Street Conspiracy, 110.
Caxton introduces printing
in England, 58.
Cattle Plague, 123
Central Criminal Court, 129.
Ceorls, 29.

Cerdic (Honse of), its rights
transmitted to the Nor-
man line through Marga-
ret, Queen of Scotland. 23.
the
from
Ceylon taken

Dutch, 105.
Charlemagne's empire dis-
membered, ro.
CHARLES 1. (as Prince of

Wales) visits Spain, 77;
levies Tonnage and Pound-
age, 78; imprisons six mem-
bers of Parliament, ib.;
reigns for eleven years
without Parliaments, ib;
levies ship-money, 79; sets
up his standard at Notting-
ham, ib. ; surrenders to the
Scots at Newark, 81; de-
livered up to the Parlia-
mentary Commissioners.
ib; escapes to the Isle of
Wight, ib.; removed
Hurst Castle, ib.; to Wind-
sor, ib.; executed, 82.
CHARLES II. proclaimed in
Scotland, 82; escape to
after
France
battle of
Worcester, ib.; declaration
made by him at Breda, 83;
pensioned to support th
foreign policy of Louis
XIV., 84, 85, 93; dies a
Roman Catholic, 85; im-
portant Acts in his reign,

-Edward (the Young Pre-
tender) marries Clemen-
tiua Sobieski of Poland,
99; defeats Sir John Cope
at Preston Pans, 100; de-
feats the royal troops at
Falkirk, ib.; defeated at
Culloden by the Duke of
Cumberland, ib.
Charlotte (Princess) marries
Prince Leopold of Saxe
Coburg, 109.
Charter (the People's), five
points of the, 115; petition
with three-and-a-half
million signatures for, 116.
of
Charters, confirmation
the, 46.

and Statutes, table of
important, 139.
at
insurrection
Chartist
Newport, 114; great Char-
tist demonstration, 118.
Chatham's(Earl of) Ministry.
102; re-appearance in Par-
hament to denounce the

141