left to take command of the fleet in the Dutch war. Advantage was taken of his absence to rekindle the war in Scotland. Many nobles brought out their retainers, and a series of skirmishes took place, till Middleton, Charles's lieutenant was routed (1654) by Monk, who had now returned, at Loch Garry. The royalist leaders now came in with their submissions, and the lenity as well as the generalship of Monk, put an end to the insurrection. In the same year, Cromwell of his own supreme authority, incorporated Scotland with England, absolving the natives from their allegiance to Charles, erecting new courts, and granting to all a free pardon, subject to some individual exceptions. Under this new regime, Monk was appointed to the chief command in Scotland, which post he held, till the year of the Restoration. The general assembly of the kirk was dispersed by a military force, but the synods and presbyteries were permitted to meet as a matter of policy, to allow them the opportunity of quarrelling among themselves.

Monk's reduction of Scotland completed the work of the Commonwealth men, so far as the subjugation of England and her dependencies were concerned. For the Channel Islands, Barbadoes, Virginia, and the Isle of Man, so long defended by the celebrated Countess of Derby, had all submitted; the Countess having the honor of being nearly the last person in the three kingdoms to do so.

SECTION IV. THE FIRST DUTCH WAR. 1652-1654.

1. The causes of the first Dutch war. After the execution of Charles, Dr. Dorislaus, a native of Holland, but naturalised in England, and at one time a professor in Gresham College, was sent as Envoy to the States, and on the evening of his arrival assassinated by the Scots, who had gathered round Charles II. at the Hague. Orders were issued by the magistrates to arrest the murderers, but they were executed with such reluctance that they all escaped. This tended to confirm an opinion already entertained, that the Dutch were covertly in favor of Charles, and the expedition of Montrose was thought to be an additional confirmation. The Dutch somewhat alarmed made the best apology they could, and Charles found it necessary to leave Holland, to avoid damaging his friends any further. No atonement was however made for the murder, for William the Stadtholder was the brother of Charles II. by marriage, and not unwilling to further his cause. His antipathy to the Commonwealth was publicly shown, by refusing audience to Strickland the resident ambassador, while that favor was repeatedly granted to the envoy of Charles.

A revolution followed the death of the Stadtholder, in 1650; the office was then abolished by the democratic party, who had possessed themselves of the government. Supposing the opportunity to be a favorable one, the English government sent over St. John and Strickland as ambassadors extraordinary, to propose "a strict and intimate alliance and union". On their public entry into the Hague, the popular feeling expressed itself in groans and hisses; and in their own house, attempts were made on the lives of the ambassadors by the cavaliers. The authorities, in the matter of the alliance, assumed a haughty tone, delays were created, and the time allotted for the negotiation having expired, the ambassadors returned without any conclusions being arrived at. After the battle of Worcester, the Dutch lowered their tone, and sought to reopen the negotiation, but the parliament was now in circumstances to treat them with coolness, and immediately afterwards with injury. Dutch merchant ships were ordered to be examined, under pretence of searching for military stores, and at the request of certain merchants, letters of marque were granted, which were successful in capturing eighty prizes. The Navigation Act passed in 1651, aroused still further the hostile feeling of the Dutch. A numerous fleet was now sent out by the States, for the protection of their commerce; this the English government construed to be a menace, and ordered their ships of war to exact in the narrow seas, the same honor to the English flag as in former times. War soon followed.

2. Events in the first Dutch war. (1) THE WAR IN 1652. Hostilities were commenced in 1652, by commodore Young firing on the commander of a Dutch convoy, in the English Channel, and compelling him to salute the English flag. Within a few days Van Tromp arrived in the Downs with forty-two sail; his instructions were to salute or not, at his own discretion, but on no account to yield to the right of search. The Dutch admiral fell in with Blake off Dover, May 19, when an action was fought, and two ships taken by the English. As war was not yet declared, a great controversy arose as to which of the commanders was the aggressor, though it is probable that Blake was the first to fire. The Dutch were still unwilling to commit themselves to actual war, and though they had lost so many ships, the grand pensionary Pauw, came over to England to endeavour to heal the breach; but the demands of the parliament were so exhorbitant, that the Dutch could not in honor submit, except when compelled to do so.

Van Tromp was soon again at sea, but his purpose was foiled, first by a calm and then by a storm; so many murmurs met him on his return to Holland, that he laid down his commission. De

Ruyter took his post, and while convoying a fleet of merchantmen, was attacked by Ayscue, off Plymouth, Aug. 16, but without result. The Dutch suffered a severe defeat in the Downs, Sept. 28, from Blake and Penn, who after the battle chased the enemy as far as Goree. Van Tromp, who had now taken out a new commission, put to sea and sailed into the Downs with ninety sail; Blake had but thirty-seven, and yet engaged the enemy, near the Goodwin Sands, Nov. 28; after suffering some loss, the gallant admiral found himself under the necessity of retreating to the Thames. The Dutch were intoxicated with their success, and Tromp cruised in the English Channel, with a broom at the mast head, as a sign of his intention to sweep the English from their own seas. During the winter the English parliament made every effort they could to carry on the contest. The ships were refitted, soldiers were embarked to serve as marines, the wages of the seamen were raised, the prize money ordered to be more equitably distributed, and hospitals established at Dover, Deal and Sandwich, with funds for their support. Generals Deane and Monk were appointed to act as commanders in concert with Blake.

(2.) THE WAR IN 1653. The contest was renewed Febuary 18. Van Tromp having gone westward to bring home a fleet of three hundred merchantmen, Blake, to intercept him, drew his fleet of seventy sail across the Channel, off Portland. When the Dutch came up, a fight commenced, which continued with desperate obstinacy for three days; by this time the combatants were in the neighborhood of Boulogne, and the Dutch having lost about forty vessels, escaped during the night into their own shallow waters. In the following month, admiral Bodley fought a severe but indecisive action with the Dutch fleet in the Mediterranean. Each country now sent out fleets consisting of about a hundred sail, the English commanded by Monk, Deane, Penn, and Lawson, the Dutch, by Van Tromp, De Ruyter, De Witte, and Evertsens. These fleets crossed each other, so that while Monk insulted the coast of Holland, Van Tromp entered Dover roads and cannonaded the town. Meeting off the North Foreland, June 2, the hostile fleets were engaged for two days; after the loss of twentyone sail and thirteen hundred prisoners, Van Tromp sought shelter in the Texel. The Dutch now sent ambassadors to England with proposals of peace, but the demands made by the English were greater than could be conceded, though the Dutch merchants were very importunate because of their great losses. Ever since the preceding battle, Monk had blockaded the entrance of the Texel. Van Tromp, as soon as his fleet was ready, endeavoured to break through the English line, July 21; this led to an engagement that lasted three days. As each fleet numbered about

a hundred sail, and the commanders and men were equally brave, the victory hung in suspense till the brave Tromp was killed by a musket-ball. The Dutch fleet under De Ruyter then edged off to the Texel. The Dutch ships sunk or destroyed, for Monk had given orders to make no prizes, were more than twenty, and their loss in men including prisoners nearly six thousand; the English lost but two ships, and these by fire. This battle ended the war, for the Dutch having lost twelve hundred ships, and expended more money than in their twenty years' war with Spain, were eager to accept any terms not absolutely unreasonable.

3. Results of the first Dutch war, by Treaty of Westminster, April 5, 1654. The results of this war as embodied in the Treaty of Westminster were:-that the Dutch should neither harbour nor give assistance to the royalists; that they should pay the same honor to the flag of the Commonwealth, as was formerly given to the flag of the king; that they should restore the isle of Poleron (one of the Banda group), and pay to the English East India Company £170,000, as a compensation for damages; and should compensate the Baltic merchants, and the heirs of the sufferers at Amboyna.

The following demands which had been made before, were silently abandoned :-the incorporation of the States; the right of search; the tenth herring caught of the coast of England and Scotland; and the exclusion of the Prince of Orange from the office of stadtholder.

SECTION V.-THE REPUBLIC BROKEN UP BY

MILITARY VIOLENCE.

1. The discontent of the military. The grandees of the army being engaged at a distance in their several commands, began to feel that their influence in the government was declining; this led them to watch the proceedings of the statesmen at Westminster with considerable jealousy. Complaints were made that the civil officers of the state, were more anxious about emoluments and patronage, than of placing the liberties of the people upon a solid footing. Cromwell, undoubtedly the most influential personage, is said to have inflamed the discontent among the officers, from patriotic motives, or in furtherance of his own ambitious designs. At a meeting of officers and others called by himself, he proposed that they should deliberate on the best form of government. The general expressed himself in favor of a limited monarchy, but was disappointed to find, that those who held the same opinion were in favor of a Stuart. The parliament, jealous of the designs of the military, resolved to reduce the army onefourth, and that in six months' time, there should be a further

reduction. Some what alarmed, the council of officers presented a petition to the House, praying for improvements in religion, law, finance, and the appointment of public officers. A determination was now come to, to get rid of this parliament, and as the members seemed resolved to delay its dissolution as long as possible, Cromwell and his party proposed to do it by force. Meetings were held with the view of bringing over some of the more influential members of the House to act with the officers; St. John and a few others gave their assent, but Whitelock and the remainder declared the scheme dangerous and unwarrantable.

2. Cromwell expels the Rump parliament, April 20, 1653. The House had been so far moved by the remonstrance of the army officers, as to undertake the consideration of the representation of the country in a new parliament. To their conclusions, many objections were made by the officers, but chiefly to the admission of the presbyterian party; Cromwell declared, "Never shall any of that judgment, who have deserted the good cause, be admitted to power". The general desired the immediate dissolution of the parliament, and that the government be vested for a time in a council, with himself at the head. Vane, the head of the opposite party, proposed to pass at once their own bill, that it might have the force of law, before the others could have time to appeal to the power of the sword. Intelligence of this design was carried to Cromwell, who immediately marched a company of musketeers to the House.

Leaving them in the lobby, he entered, and after listening awhile to the debate, rose and addressed the House in strong language. He complained of their selfishness, acts of oppression, and neglect of the men who had bled for the cause; of a desire to gain over the Presbyterians, to perpetuate their own power, and replenish their purses. Being interrupted by Sir P. Wentworth, he put on his hat, exclaiming, "Come, come, sir, I will put an end to your prating"; then stamping on the floor, added, You are no parliament, I say you are no parliament: bring them in, bring them in". As soon as the musketeers entered, Cromwell challenged the principal members individually, as persons of dishonest and corrupt lives, a shame and scandal to the profession of the Gospel. The guard now cleared the House, and as the members moved towards the door, Cromwell broke out again, saying, "It is you that have forced me to do this. I have sought the Lord both day and night, that he would rather slay me, than put me on the doing of this work". He now ordered the mace to be removed, and the doors to be locked, and then with his soldiers returned to Whitehall. In the afternoon, as soon as Bradshaw had taken the chair at the council of state, Cromwell entered and