before. The next day Rosen raised the siege, which had lasted four months, and cost the invaders eight thousand men. In Derry, more than that number perished by famine, disease or, the casualties of war. Enniskillen also distinguished itself by a brave resistance, and by defeating six thousand Irish papists at Newtown-Butler, on the same day (July 30) that the siege of Derry was raised.

4. Schomberg sent over to Ireland with English forces. Aug. 1689. In May, James received from Louis a further supply of arms, ammunition, and money, which were landed in Bantry Bay. An English fleet under admiral Herbert, sent to intercept them, was prevented by stress of weather from doing so. A skirmish between the rival fleets afterwards took place, which ended only in the ill-humour of the English officers, that they had been detached on such a service with so inconsiderable a force. Notwithstanding repeated applications to the English government by the Protestants of Ireland, it was August before the Duke of Schomberg landed in the neighborhood of Carrickfergus, having under his command sixteen thousand men. Carrickfergus held out till the breaches were practicable and then capitulated; Belfast, Newry, and Dundalk also fell into the hands of the Duke. He was then put in check, first by De Rosen and then by James, who in September brought up additional forces. Schomberg was now obliged to entrench himself in the neighbourhood of Dundalk; the position was low and damp, and a contagious malady carried off thousands of the troops. In February 1690, an unsuccessful attempt was made on the advanced post by the Duke of Berwick, but nothing further occurred till May, when the English fleet supplied the half-starved troops with provisions.

5. William wins the battle of the Boyne. July 1, 1690. Louis, though in difficulties himself, sent over a further supply to James of money, military clothing, and six thousand men. De Rosen, who retired, was replaced by Count de Lauzun, whose arrogance kept up a continual quarrel with the Irish officers. William landed at Carrickfergus on the 14th of June, attended by Prince George of Denmark, the Duke of Ormond, and many other persons of distinction. Resting a few days at Belfast, he then visited the Duke's quarters, and on reviewing the entire army found it amounted to thirty-six thousand men, with good appointments. About one-half of this number was English or Scotch, the remainder was composed of French Huguenots, Dutch, Danes, Brandenburghers, and others. James marched from Dublin June 16, and encamped in the neighbourhood of Dundalk, whence on the approach of William, he retired successively upon Ardee, Dumblane, and the right bank of the Boyne, which he reached

on the 29th. William came up on the 30th, and made arrangements for crossing on the morrow. It was on this very day, that the English and Dutch fleets were defeated off Beachy Head, and the English Channel thereby left at the command of the French. On the 1st of July, William passed his forces over the Boyne in three divisions, many of the troops wading with the water to the waist, and in face of a well-directed fire from sheltered positions on the opposite bank. The army of James nearly equalled that of his opponent, and a considerable proportion consisted of French troops. The latter, with the Irish horse, fought with great bravery, and not only brought William's forces to a stand, bnt more than once drove them back. Ultimately, however, James's army was completely beaten; the Irish fled, but the French under Lauzun retreated in good order, and William did not pursue the enemy. The loss on the part of the Irish army reached about fifteen hundred, including the Lords Dangan and Carlingford, and other persons of note. William lost only onethird of that number, but among these were the gallant Schomberg, and Walker, the intrepid defender of Derry. James, when he saw the action going against him, instead of making a vigorous effort to retrieve the fortune of the day, fled to Dublin, which he reached the same night. As he did not consider himself safe in Ireland, he travelled with all speed to Waterford and embarked for France.

6. The South of Ireland reduced. 1690. William on the 6th of July entered Dublin, whence he sent forth a proclamation offering pardon to all the common people; the leaders to be left to obtain mercy, if it was thought they deserved it. The day following, the king moved a part of the army to the south, and reduced Waterford and other places, upon which James's partisans retire westward followed by William. An attempt on Limerick failed, by reason of its skilful defence under the direction of French officers. The siege was raised Aug. 30, after lasting but three weeks, and the king returned to England, where his presence was much required on account of the doubtful conduct of Herbert, Earl of Torrington, in the naval engagement off Beachy Head. Ginckle now took post as commander-in-chief in Ireland. Before the fall of the year, Marlborough carried over five thousand troops, and joining them with some of the foreign mercenaries, took Cork and Kinsale, and within the month returned to England.

7. Ginckle wins the battle of Aghrim and Limerick capitulates: the Treaty of Limerick. 1691. Louis again, in aid of the cause of James, sent over large supplies to Limerick, in the early part of the year. These were accompanied by St.

Ruth, and shortly Tyrconnel followed with additional 'supplies, and a great number of French officers. Ginckle also received a reinforcement of troops from Scotland under general Mackay. The campaign opened with the reduction of Ballymore and Athlone; for the capture of the latter place, Ginckle was created Earl of Athlone. He next defeated St. Ruth at the decisive battle of Aghrim, July 12, in which St. Ruth and five thousand of the enemy were slain, and all their baggage, provisions, ammunition and artillery, together with most of their colors and arms, taken. The siege of Limerick was now formed, and in about five weeks the place capitulated on the conditions which constitute the Treaty of Limerick.

The celebrated Treaty of Limerick was concluded between Ginckle and the Lord justices on one side, and the leaders of the Irish forces on the other. It provided that the inhabitants of Limerick, and other garrisons then in possession of the Irish, and all officers and soldiers then in arms, who should return to their majesties' obedience, shall have secured to them all their estates, and all their rights, privileges, and immunities, which they held in the reign of Charles II. free from all forfeitures, or outlawries whatsoever. that all persons whatsoever could remove out of Ireland, to any other country, except England or Scotland; and all officers and soldiers who choose, should be conveyed to the coast at the expense of England; and that those who should choose to remain, might go where they pleased, after having surrendered their arms to the commissioners appointed by the general: and that the Roman Catholics of Ireland were to enjoy such liberty in the exercise of their religion, as was consistent with the laws of Ireland, or as they did enjoy in the reign of Charles II.; and that as soon as a parliament could be summoned in Ireland, their majesties would endeavour to procure for the Roman Catholics such further security as would preserve them from any disturbance on account of their said religion. In virtue of this treaty, about fourteen thousand Irish soldiers embarked for France, and entered the service of Louis; under the name of the Irish Brigade, they bore a conspicuous part in the subsequent wars of that country.

8. Severe laws passed against the native Irish. 1695. By the Irish Roman Catholics, the treaty of Limerick was considered as the great charter of their civil and religious liberties; they were however doomed to grievous disappointment. In 1695 a parliament was summoned at Dublin to make a "lasting settlement". By a series of Acts the Treaty of Limerick was confirmed, though only after the omission of several articles and the mutilation of others; that is, there was left only "so much of them as may consist with the safety and welfare of the kingdom." The Irish parliament maintained that Ginckle and the justices had, in making such concessions, exceeded their powers. Hence this and the next parliament became remarkable for the severity of the laws passed against the native Irish. No

papist was to be allowed to teach in a school, or in more than one family; no intermarriage was allowed between a Protestant and Catholic; no papist could be a guardian, or purchase land for more than thirty-one years, or take real property accruing to them by descent or otherwise; they were moreover deprived of the right of having arms, of practising as solicitors, or being gamekeepers; all the regular clergy were banished, and priests required to be registered; and the inhabitants of each barony held responsible for all damage by "robbers, rapparies, and tories." Hallam says of these laws that "they have scarce a parallel in Europe. To have exterminated the catholics by the sword, or expelled them, like the Moriscoes of Spain, would have been little more repugnant to justice and humanity, but incomparably more politic".

SECTION IV. CONSPIRACY AGAINST THE

GOVERNMENT.

Preston's Conspiracy: the Non-juring Bishops deprived, 1691. Before the reduction of Ireland had been completed, England was thrown into a panic, first by the defeat of the allied fleets off Beachy Head, and then by the discovery of a conspiracy against the government. In the preceding December, information given to the council, led to the seizure on board a vessel at Gravesend, of Lord Preston, Ashton, a servant of the late queen, and one Elliot. Ashton attempted to destroy some papers which, on being examined, were found to contain treasonable matters. One paper was styled: "The result of a conference between some lords and gentlemen, respecting the restoration of King James". Among the chiefs implicated were the Earl of Clarendon, the Bishop of Ely, Lord Preston, and Penn the quaker. Lord Preston and Ashton were tried at the Old Bailey, for compassing the death of their Majesties, and condemned to death. Ashton was hanged Jan. 18th, but Preston ultimately obtained a pardon, on account, as was said, of secrets which he communicated to the government. The bishop of Ely, Penn, and others absconded: Clarendon and others were committed for a time to the Tower.

As one of the non-juring bishops was concerned in this affair, it supplied a plausible pretext for filling up their sees. The primate and his suffragans of Bath and Wells, Ely, Gloucester, Norwich, and Peterborough, were deprived Feb. 1; four months subsequently, Tillotson became Archbishop of Canterbury, and the other sees were filled shortly afterwards.

SECTION V. WILLIAM'S SECOND PARLIAMENT.

1690-1695.

1. Act for confirming the Revolution, 1690. The two parties had put forth all their influence in the elections for this parliament, but the majority was with the tories. In the Commons they placed in the chair a violent partisan, Sir John Trevor, a man of whom Burnet says—“Being a Tory in principle, he undertook to manage that party, provided he was furnished with such sums of money as might purchase some votes". After liberal supplies were granted, the whigs brought on their great measure, a bill for recognising their Majesties as the rightful and lawful sovereigns of these realms, and for declaring all the acts of the last parliament to be good and valid. This bill put the tories in a dilemmaif they opposed the bill, they were in danger of losing their political position, and if they assented to it, they formally renounced the principles of their party. They professed themselves willing to enact that the acts of the Convention should be accounted good acts for time to come, but they objected to declare them to have been good laws from the date of their passing. After much debate, Somers, then solicitor-general, observed, that if the Convention was not a legal parliament, they who were then met, and who had taken the oaths enacted by that parliament, were guilty of high treason. The bill then passed, and the Revolution was thus confirmed by the very party that had held it to be illegal.

2. The Place Bill. 1691. This bill, introduced by the Whigs, was entitled "A Bill touching free and impartial proceedings in Parliament". It provided that all members of the House should be incapable of places of trust and profit under the crown, and that any member accepting a place should lose his seat, and be barred from re-election. It is a remarkable fact that this bill passed the Commons, then unusually full of military officers and placemen. In the Lords, the Place Bill was lost only by a majority of two. The Lords in their protest say: "the House of Commons would not have begun and passed a bill of this nature, wherein the members of that House are so particularly concerned, without having been fully satisfied in the reasons for it, and plainly convinced of the great need the people of England are in, at this time, of so just and wise a provision". The necessity alluded to became manifest, when in 1695 the corrupt practices of the officers of the government were exposed. This bill was afterwards carried through both Houses in 1693, the Whigs being then in power; itwas however lost by the exercise of the king's veto. In a modified form, the Place Bill passed in the 6th of Anne.