being forced into the muzzle of the piece, which became in consequence neither more nor less than a short pike, or partizan.

"In the field, the Horse Grenadiers acted like a company of Grenadiers to a batallion, and were armed with muskets and grenades. They dismounted, linked their horses, fired, screwed their daggers into the muzzle of their muskets, charged, returned their daggers, fired, and threw grenades by ranks, the centre and rear ranks advancing in succession through the intervals between the file leaders."

For nearly fifty years after the Revolution, a standing army was looked upon with considerable jealousy, and the declaration of a member of the Commons is not without its force even now. A standing army was to him a terrible thing, whether under the denomination of parliamentary or any other. A standing army is still a standing ariny, whatever name it be called by; they are a body of men distinct from the body of the people; they are governed by different laws; blind obedience and an entire submission to their commanding officer is their only principle. The nations around us are already enslaved, and have been enslaved by those very means; by means of their standing armies they have every one lost their liberties; it is indeed impossible that the liberties of the people can be preserved in any country where a numerous standing army is kept up." Blackstone also maintains that "nothing ought to be more guarded against in a free state, than making the military power, when such a one is necessary to be kept on foot, a body too distinct from the people".

2. THE NAVY. Before the time of Henry VII., and indeed for more than a century after, when ships of war were required, the government hired merchant vessels; guns and soldiers were put on board, and the ordinary crew attended only to the duties of seamanship. That monarch however built a ship, the Great Harry, which may be properly termed the first ship of the British navy. Nevertheless, the honor of being the founder of the Royal Navy is given to his successor, Henry VIII., who under the impulse given to maritime affairs by the discovery of America, founded dockyards at Woolwich, Deptford, and Portsmouth, instituted a Board of Admiralty, and a Navy Office, and placed the naval service for the first time on a distinct footing. He was the last English monarch to hire foreign ships in time of war; to prevent the necessity of doing so, an act passed to encourage English merchants to build ships which could be used for men-of-war. The first list of the navy, published in 1546, enumerates "20 Ships, 15 Galleasses, 10 Pynnaces, and 13 Roo Barges", admeasuring more than twelve thousand tons, and carrying more than eight thousand seamen. No increase seems to have taken place for several years, for at the time of the Armada, Elizabeth could only muster thirty-four ships, besides eight in dock; the tonnage being about the same as in Henry VIII., and the men two thousand less.

When we reach the reign of James, we find that monarch greatly encouraging the improvement of ships, and adding to their number, for the navy appears to have been reduced to a low ebb at his accession. In the latter part of his reign he built ten ships, and yet left at his death but twenty-four. But these new ships were larger and better built than any before his time; this was mainly attributable to Phineas Pett, a most able and scientific shipwright. He reduced the

top-works which had made the older vessels partially unmanageable, ari ir reased their length. Raleigh writes: "In my own time the scape of our Evzish ships hath been greatly bettered. It is not long save the striking of the top-mast hath been devised, together with 1224-pump. We have lately added the bonnet and drabbler

To the courses we have devised studding-sails, top-gallant sax seri-skis, and top-sails. The weighing of anchors by the cap3° +1,9 18 3,80) Die W. We have also fallen into consideration of the length nds and by it we resist the malice of the greatest winds that can We Lave also raised our second decks." The reign of Charles favorable to the growth of our navy, there were notwith2 na slips constructed of a larger class than before. One, S very n of the Seas", built at Woolwich, was 1637 tons bura. i parved for a hundred and thirty-two guns. Although the top hamper had disappeared, the dimensions of this veslargest herderto built, will show there was more than enough

With a keel of 128 feet in length, her top works meafeet, and from her keel to the top of the lantern, 76 feet. Rupert carried off twenty ships, none of which ever recommencement of the Commonwealth, the navy consisted teen large ships, but by extraordinary exertions was inCostas te titeuler a hundred and fifty in 1654. And bravely nof the Commonwealth lay a foundation for the unparaloe stovesses of the British Navy, and furnish some of the most infeysong pass in our naval history. Cromwell left a hundred and

asseven sons, which by an estimate made subsequently, gave a terman of nearly sixty thousand; at the end of Charles II., by the SENTIRTA, the tonnage had increased to more than a hundred

Bt Macaulay says it existed only on paper, for his navy Anto degradation and decay. "The vessels which the recent y of Parlament had enabled the government to build, and d never been out of harbour, had been made of such wretched ber that they were more unit to go to sea than the old hulls which bid been battered thirty years before by Dutch and Spanish broad8. Some of the new men-of-war, indeed, were so rotten that, unlow speedily repaired, they would go down at their moorings. The sizers were paid with so little punctuality, that they were glad to find sense uszzer wie would purchase their tickets at forty per cent. disevant. The commanders who had not powerful friends at court were even were treated. Some officers, to whom large arrears were due, alementy impertuning the government during many years, had dad for want of a morsel of bread.”

At the Revolution the tonnage of the Royal Navy was something less than at the death of Charles, showing that during the reign of James 11, who has the credit of having paid particular attention to this department, there was actually a falling off. At the close of Wat's reign, the tonnage had reached a hundred and sixty thousand. It was during this reign (1626) that the noble institution of Greenwich Hospital was founded for aged and disabled seamen; it was opened in 1705. The British navy at the close of the period numbered more than two hundred ships.

Section VIII. Growth of English Colonies.

1. COLONIES IN AMERICA. Some account was given in the reign of James of the planting of our first American colonies at Virginia and Plymouth. The Puritans who had formed the latter settlement, soon had religious differences among themselves, by reason of which parties occasionally separated from the main body, and thus formed the New England States. Three attempts made in the reign of Elizabeth to colonise Newfoundland, proved utter failures. The first permanent settlement was made by Lord Baltimore in 1623, in order that he might enjoy in peace the exercise of the Catholic religion. Nova Scotia was settled by the French in 1604, and received from them the name of Acadia, but within three years they were expelled by the Virginians. In 1621, the whole district passed by grant to Sir William Alexander, under the name of Nova Scotia, but it was not settled by the English for some years after. Lord Baltimore in 1632 obtained from Charles a grant of a part of Virginia, to which was given the name of Maryland. Of this new settlement, Baltimore was absolute lord, by the tenure of fealty only, paying a yearly rent of two Indian arrows, and a fifth of all the gold and silver ore which might be found. This colony, though settled with popish families, recognised perfect toleration in all religious matters. After the failure of several attempts, Carolina became established as a separate settlement. In 1663 the province was granted in proprietorship to several English noblemen, amongst whom were Clarendon, Monk, Ashley Cooper, and Berkeley. It was for this colony that John Locke framed a code of laws, in doing which Bancroft says he "forgot the fundamental principles of practical philosophy".

New York was first settled by the Dutch and Swedes, and known as the New Netherlands. After its capture by Admiral Holmes in 1664, it was granted by patent to the Duke of York, by whom its name was changed. The Hudson's Bay Territories, discovered by Hudson in 1610, were in 1669 granted by Charles II. to Prince Rupert and the company associated with him. Pennsylvania, originally peopled by the Swedes and Dutch, was included in New Belgia. When Admiral Penn died, he left a claim on the government of £16,000; to clear this debt, Charles in 1680 made a grant of this district to the Admiral's son, William Penn the Quaker, who set out for his domain, to build "a free colony for all mankind".

Many of the American islands came into the possession of the English in this period. Sir George Somers being wrecked on the Bermudas in 1609, led to their settlement by parties from Virginia and England. An English captain took possession of Barbadoes in the name of James I. In 1625, it was granted by patent to the Earl of Marlborough, who sent out Sir William Courteen, by whom Jamestown was founded. Several of the Bahamas were settled by the English so early as 1629. Sir Thomas Warner settled St. Kitts in 1623, Nevis in 1628, and Montserrat, Antigua, and Barbuda, in 1632. Anguilla was colonised in 1650, Jamaica fell to the English by conquest in 1655, and the Virgin Islands were taken from the French by English buccaneers in 1666.

2. COLONIES IN ASIA. The early history of our colonies in Asia is really the history of a company or companies of merchants, who at

first aspired only to share with the Portuguese and Dutch in the lative commerce of the East. The first charter was granted in 100 to a company with a subscribed capital of £30,000. A squadron of tive ressels sated for India the next year, under Captain Lancaster. In the straits of Malacca they captured a large Portuguese vessel, contaming oction and spices suficient to load all the English ships; karing some agents at Bantam in Java, they sailed at once for home. The second feet sailed in 1604, and returned in two years, laden with perner, cloves, mace, and nutmegs. Other expeditions followed in joo, and 1609, the latter giving a profit of two hundred per cent.; ene verage completed in twenty months realised more than three hundred The Company at this time had no settlement, but obtained pods through the agency of factors, by barter, or by the capture of Portuguese and native vessels; so that a cargo was obtained, it emed to matter little whether by trade or buccaneering.

Finding the new trade so profitable, the Company sought to put it on the same footing as that of the Portuguese and Dutch, by the establishment of factories. The first English factory in India was at Sun, then the principal seaport of the Mugul Empire. Captain Best, in charge of what was called the tenth voyage to India, succeeded, notwithstanding the intrigues of the Portuguese and Dutch, in obtaining from the Great Mogul (1612) a charter, permitting the Engish Company to establish a factory at Surat, with the privilege of introducing their merchandise at a certain fixed rate of duties, and engaging to protect their trade, persons, and property against the hostility of the Portuguese and all others. To improve our commerce and cultivate friendly relations with the Mogul, James I. sent an embassy headed by Sir Thomas Roe. Sir Thomas, with eighty menat-arms, travelled to the court of the Mogul in 1615, and was received by the Emperor with unusual honors, but the new privileges obtained were of little importance. Other smaller factories were established, and the Company's concerns proved so successful, that in 1617 the stock was currently sold at more than two hundred per cent.

At this period the Company had established factories, besides those in Hindostan, in Sumatra, Japan, Java, Borneo, Banda, Malacca, ani Stam.

The second principal English factory in India was Madras, the ground for which was purchased in 1643, by permission obtained from one of the native princes in the Carnatic. A fort was at once built up, called St. George, the only houses near being those of a French priest and six fishermen. In a few years Madras became a flourishing town, to which the natives flocked, as well for the purposes of trade, as for the security of their wealth, which was ill-protected elsewhere. The English, in the reign of William III., made a further purchase of ground, together with a port called Tegnapatam. After strengthening it with walls and bulwarks, it was named Fort St. David, and made subordinate to Madras.

The third English factory in India was at Bombay, which formed part of the dowry of Catharine of Braganza. Charles found it cost more to maintain than it produced, he therefore in 1668, made it over to the Company, to be held by them "in free and common soccage, as of the manor of East Greenwich, at an annual rent of ten pounds". The Company soon understood the defensible nature of

the island, and the value of its magnificent and convenient ports. In 1687, the Company transferred from Surat to Bombay, the presidency over all their settlements, and from that time the town began to increase with great rapidity.

About

The fourth English factory in India was near Calcutta. the year 1650, Mr. Broughton, an English surgeon in great favor with Shah Jehan the reigning Mogul, obtained authority for his countrymen to make a new settlement at Hoogly, on a branch of the Ganges. There factory business was carried on till 1686, when in consequence of the increasing weakness of the Empire, the English resolved to attempt the conquest of Chittagong. The attempt failed, and the English were obliged to break up their settlement at Hoogley, and remove lower down to Chuttanuttee, a village in the midst of forests and swamps. Loss of revenue made the authorities willing to forget the past, a grant was therefore made in 1698, of the land on which stood the villages of Chuttanuttee, Govingpore, and Calcutta, to the Company, on payment of an annual rent. For the defence of this possession, the English began to construct a citadel, named Fort William, which before its completion cost two millions of money. Under the shelter of this fort, by slow degrees grew up the capital of British India. In 1707 Fort William was made the head of a presidency; ultimately it became the centre of our Indian government, and seat of the Governor-General.

3. COLONIES IN AFRICA. The oldest English settlement in Africa was the Gambia, occupied as a trading station since 1631; Cape Coast Castle and other forts fell to the English in the second Dutch war, 1664-67. St. Helena was granted by charter of Charles II. to the East India Company, having been settled in 1658.

4. COLONIES IN EUROPE. The only colonial possession held by the English was Gibraltar, which came to us by conquest in 1704.