TABLE TO SHOW THE DESCENT OF JAMES I. AND ARABELLA STUART. Louis the Dauphin. Joseph I. Charles VI. Maria Antoinetta died 1711. died 1711. Louis the Dauphin, Philip of Anjou. m. Elec. Bavaria. Elec. Prince of died 1712. Louis XV. CONTEMPORANEOUS CHRONICLE. France. 1589-1610. HENRY IV. (king of Navarre), first of the Bourbon kings of France. "The turbulent spirit of the nobles repressed by policy rather than severity". Silk manufacture introduced. 1610. Henry IV. assassinated by Ravaillac. 1610-43. LOUIS XIII., son of Henry, nine years old; Mary of Medicis, the queen-mother, regent. 1614. Last assembly of the States General; misunderstanding prevails between the three orders. 1621-2. First Huguenot war, headed by Rohan and Soubise; concluded by treaty of Montpelier, which confirmed the Edict of Nantes. 1624-42. Ministry of Cardinal Richlieu. "His foreign policy aims at the depression of the Austrian family, both in Spain and Germany; in his domestic administration he carries to the utmost the plans of Henry IV. and Sully for checking the power of the nobles and clergy, paving the way for the despotism of Louis XIV. and XV." 1625-6. Second Huguenot war, unfavorable to the Protestants. 1627-9. Third Huguenot war. Supported by the English; Rochelle reduced by famine; Huguenots disarmed and deprived of their fortresses, but allowed the exercise of their religion, by the Pacification of Nismes. 1635. Alliance with Holland against Spain, for the partition of the Spanish Netherlands, which involves France in the Thirty Years' war. 1636. Alliance with Sweden against Austria. 1643-1715. LOUIS XIV., son of Louis, five years old; Anne of Austria, queen-mother, regent. 1643-61. Ministry of Cardinal Mazarine. 1648. By the Peace of Westphalia, France acquires Alsace, Sundgaw, Brisach, &c. 1648-53. Factions of the Fronde. Mazarine unpopular as a foreigner, and people discontented at the imposition of fresh taxes, which the parliament of Paris refused to register. The popular party called Frondeurs, the court party Mazarins; the affair ended by the capture of Bourdeaux, the head-quarters of the insurgents. 1655. Famous declaration of Louis-"I am the State"; the king now despotic. 1659. Peace of the Pyrenees, by which France acquires from Spain, Rousillon, Artois, and several cities with their territories in Flanders, &c. Louis marries (1660) Maria Theresa, Philip's daughter by his first wife. 1661-83. Colbert, controller-general of finance, prime minister. "With Colbert's administration commences the era called the Age of Louis XIV.; his single genius created not only the finances, but the commerce, manufactures, and naval power of France; and on this commercial prosperity was consequent the social refinement, and the literary and scientific eminence, which have made this period considered the Golden Age of France." 1666-8. First war of spoliation against the Spanish Netherlands; ended by the Peace of Aix la Chapelle, by which France acquired Lille, Tournay, and other places in Flanders. 1672-8. Second war of spoliation-against Holland, to avenge on the Dutch their part in the Triple Alliance. Holland overrun with 100,000 men; sluices opened; and league of Brandenburg, Spain, and the Empire to save the States. War ended by Peace of Nimeguen, by which France obtained Franche-comté, and sixteen fortresses in Flanders. France now the most formidable power in Europe, with a standing army of 140,000, besides 60,000 sailors and marines. 1685. Revocation of the Edict of Nantes; 700,000 citizens emigrate to Protestant countries. 1688-97. Third war of spoliation. Upon frivolous pretexts, the French took Mentz, Treves, and Bonn; and horribly devastated the Palatinate with fire and sword. The Grand Alliance against France, headed by William of Orange. The war ended by the Peace of Ryswick, by which France retained Alsace, with Strasburg and Landau. 1698. First Partition Treaty, between France, England, and the Empire, for dividing the Spanish dominions on the death of Charles II. 1700. Second Partition Treaty transferring Spain to the archduke Charles. 1702-4. Revolt of the Camisards, or Huguenots of the Cevennes ; the last of the religious wars. 1711-14. War of the Spanish Succession. Grand Alliance of the Hague against France. This war brought great distress in France; ended by Peace of Utrecht, by which the crowns of France and Spain to be perpetually separated, and France to renounce all right of trading with the Spanish colonies. The Netherlands. 1585-1625. MAURICE OF ORANGE, stadtholder and commander in chief of the Dutch provinces; the Belgian provinces subject, under Spain, to the archduchess Isabella. 1609. Truce with Spain for 12 years; their subjection waved. 1617. The stadtholder aims at arbitrary power. 1618-9. Synod of Dort, condemnation of the Arminians, and execution of Barneveldt. 1625-47. HENRY FREDERICK, brother of Maurice, stadtholder. 1633. Belgium reverts to Spain on the death of the archduchess childless. 1639. Tromp defeats the Spanish fleet in the Downs, fifty ships taken or destroyed. 1647-50. WILLIAM II. son of Henry, stadtholder; had married in 1641. Mary daughter of Charles I. of England. 1650. William attempts to make himself absolute; dies of small-pox, and the prince of Orange (William III.) born eight days after. The stadtholdership vacant till 1672, the Republic being jealous of the family. 1652-4. War with England, ended by Peace of Westminster. 1653-72. JOHN DE WITT, Grand-pensionary of Holland. 1660. Act of Exclusion annulled, out of compliment to Charles II. of England. 1661-7. War with England, ended by Peace of Breda. 1668. Triple Alliance with England and Sweden, against the aggressions of France in the Spanish Netherlands. 1672-8. War with France and England, ended with England in 1674, by Peace of Westminster, and with France by Peace of Nimeguen, on equitable terms for Holland. 1672-1702. WILLIAM III., son of William II., the stadtholdership being now re-established. The two brothers John and Cornelius de Witt, who had resisted this arrangement, assassinated by the mob. 1677. William marries the princess Mary, daughter of James, Duke of York. 1689. William heads the Grand Alliance against France, and becoming king of England, this country joins the alliance; the war ended by Peace of Ryswick. 1701. Grand Alliance of the Hague, to place the archduke Charles on the Spanish throne; the war of the Spanish succession ended in 1713 by Peace of Utrecht. 1702. William dies childless; the authority vested in the States General, and the grand pensionary, Hensius. Spain and Portugal. 1598-1621. PHILIP III., King of Spain and Portugal, the latter country having been reduced by the Duke of Alva, in 1580. Philip's indolence leaves all power in the hands of Lerma the minister. Spain rapidly declines. 1604. The Dutch, now the masters of the sea, cut off the foreign trade both of Spain and Portugal. 1609-10. Expulsion of the Moors, 600,000 leave Spain, which results in the ruin of Spanish manufactures and agriculture. 1619-48. Spain supports Austria during the Thirty Years' War. 1621-65. PHILIP IV., son of Philip III, marries Isabella of France: ministry of the Count-duke Olivarez till 1643. 1635-59. War with France, ended by Peace of Pyrenees, by which she cedes Artois, &c. to France. 1640. Portugal regains her independence; JOHN IV., Duke of Braganza becomes king, 1640-56. 1648. Peace of Westphalia, by which the United Provinces, acknowledged to be fully independent of Spain. 1655. War with England, loss of Jamaica, and in 1658 of Dunkirk. 1656. ALPHONSO VI., king of Portugal, son of John IV.; imbecile, and queen-mother regent. 1665-1700. CHARLES II. of Spain, son of Philip IV. only four years old; Anne of Austria, the king's mother, regent till 1675. The nation going rapidly to ruin. "The crown settled, in failure |