16. The reversal of opinion in a trial for murder which resulted from the inspection of the blood-stains by Orfila is a remarkable illustration of this. 22. Pickering's Races of Man, Introduction, p. 53. Compare Lyell, Bk. III. ch. iv. 23. See an able Paper by Mr. Hopkins, in Fraser's Magazine, July, 1860. 24. See a Paper by Mr. Murray, in Edinburgh New Philosophical Journal, January, 1860. M. Pouchet, when not under the dominion of his favourite idea, writes like a man of science and sense; and he puts the argument from Habitat very forcibly: "Le Fourmilier-tamanoir, par exemple, n'a jamais pu nâitre dans l'ancien monde, pour s'en expatrier ensuite et aller se fixer dans les brûlantes régions de l' Amérique méridionale ! ”—Hétérogénie, pp. 499–501. 25. Cuvier asserts this in the most absolute terms in his " Tableau Elémentaire" of Natural History. "How different soever they be, they are always able to interbreed"—" peuvent toujours produire ensemble." See Edinburgh Review, No. 226. 26. Whewell's Philosophy of the Inductive Sciences, Vol. I. p. 506. See also a striking passage from Professor E. Forbes, in Balfour's Class Book of Botany, p. 710—“An individual is one; a species consists of many resulting from one; a genus consists of more or fewer of these manies, linked together not by a relationship of descent, but by an affinity dependent on a Divine idea. What we call class, order, family, genus, are all only so many names for genera of various degrees of extent." 27. Origin of Species, p. 50. 28. Id. pp. 26, 252. 29. Juvenal, Sat. XIII. 66. M 30. Westminster Review on 'Origin of Species." 31. "Geology indeed seems to have left her old handmaiden mineralogy, to rest almost wholly upon her young and vigorous offspring, the science of organic remains."-Owen, Palæontology, p. 2. 32. Siluria, p. 20. Life on the Earth, pp. 68, 214. Hugh Miller, Footprints of the Creator, pp. 216–220. 33. Hugh Miller. 34. Origin of Species, pp. 307, 308. 35. Westminster Review on 66 36. Footprints, p. 237. Origin of Species." 37. Owen, Reade Lecture, p. 59. 38. Bede, Eccles. Hist. L. II. c. xiii. 39. Life on the Earth, p. 84. 40. Paleontology, p. 151. 41. Siluria, p. 269. Footprints, p. 124. Palæontology, p. 102. 42. This felicitous expression is due to an American writer, Dr. Clemens. 43. Report of the French Savans, headed by Cuvier, on the animal remains sent to France from Egypt. Lyell, Bk. III. ch. ii. 44. Dasent, Norse Legends, Introduction. 45. Herodotus, II. 68-73. 46. Life on the Earth, p. 46. 47. Id. p. 21. 48. Origin of Species, p. 83. 49. Psalm CIV. "It might almost be said that this one psalm represents the image of the whole Cosmos. We are astonished to find in a lyrical poem of such a limited compass, the whole universe-the heavens and the earth-sketched with a few bold touches. The contrast of the labour of man with the animal life of nature, and the image of Omnipresent Invisible Power, renewing the earth at will or sweeping it of inhabitants, is a grand and solemn poetical creation.”— Humboldt, Cosmos; "Descriptions of Nature by the Hebrews." Vol. II. Part I. 50. Footprints, pp. 237, 258. 51. Owen, Philosoph. Transactions 1834, Reade Lecture, p. 29. 52. Phil. Induct. Sciences, Vol. I. p. 625. 53. Reade Lecture, p. 62. Also, On the Nature of Limbs, p. 84. "Our discovery of laws cannot contradict our persuasion of ends." Phil. Induct. Sciences, Vol. I. p. 630. 66 54. Id. p. 621. Also, Bridgewater Treatise," by the same author, Bk. III. ch. v. 55. Carpenter, Principles of Physiology, p. 328. Life on the Earth, pp. 37-39. 56. Wisdom, xiii. 5. 57. The phrase-a very suggestive one-is Theodore Parker's. Theism, &c. p. 197. 58. Georgic. IV. 219–224. 59. Clouds, 147–153, 60. Appendix C. 61. Origin of Species, p. 242. 62. Pope, Essay on Man. 63. Edinburgh Review, Vol. CXI. p. 520. 64. "Simia quam similis turpissima bestia nobis."-De Nat. Deor. I. xxxv. 65. Carpenter, Zoology, I. p. 137. 66. Reade Lecture, p. 70. Compare Du Chaillou's description of the Male Gorilla, and an interesting sketch a few years ago in "Household Words." 67. Reade Lecture, p. 48. 68. Origin of Species, p. 481. 69. Frederick Robertson, Vol. I. p. 189. 70. Prichard, Nat. Hist. of Man, Sect. II. 71. "Quis nescit, Volusi Bithynice, qualia demens Aegyptus portenta colat?" &c. -Juvenal, Sat. XV. 1-14. Who knows not, friend, what creatures odd and vile Revere, and some the ibis. Others shape A god to please them in the grinning ape, &c. "The poetical gods of Greece, the animal worship of Egypt all accompanied by systems of law and civil government were the means of educating these people to similar purposes in the economy of Providence to that for which the Hebrews were destined." -Essays and Reviews, p. 15. It were an absurdity to ask what St. Paul would have thought of this statement. Enough that, if it be true, the Hebrew light must have been darkness in comparison to that of the Roman satirist! Ape-worship still survives among the Hindoos. Why interfere with this part of their "providential education ? "* 72. Origin of Species, p. 483. 73. Bacon, Essays, XVI. - Compare De Augmentis, Lib. III. cap. iv., and Dr. Whewell's "Bridgewater Treatise," p. 352. 74. Newton, Opticks, Query 28. 75. Palæont, pp. 406, 413. 76. Origin of Species, p. 484. 77. Id. pp. 481, 489. 78. Whewell, Hist. of Induct. Sciences, Vol. III. pp. 380, 388, 453. 79. To Linnæus is due the name and distinct demarcation of the Mammalia. Cicero had some perception, however, of the distinctive importance of this character :—“In iis animantibus quæ lacte aluntur." -De Nat. Deor. II. li. 80. Of insects there are reckoned about half-a-million of species; and the individuals of this class alone would bear out to the letter the statement in the text. When we descend to the Protozoa, we are met by Professor Owen's calculation that 500 millions might be lodged in one drop of water! * It is simple justice to the learned writer to state that his meaning, as gathered from the preceding context, is the reverse of this. But it is equally clear that the language above cited is so unfortunately chosen as not to admit of contextual qualification: it can only be mended by being cancelled. Ape-worship may be debasing and foolish idolatry: this is doubtless meant. But how can it be at the same time a providential education? 81. Vertebrate, Articulate, and Radiate are all names of symmetry: "Mollusk" is not, and suggests a table standing on three legs instead of four. Besides, it is as applicable, convention apart, to a "soft" earth-worm as to a "soft" snail. But surely the family of "Shellclad Sub-vertebrates" is referable to some archetype, as the other groups are. Wordsworth, with the intuitive sagacity of genius of the first order, such as Goethe's and his own, seems to have seized the essence of that symmetry: The CONVOLUTIONS of a smooth-lipped shell.* The tendency to the coil or the spiral, or again to "neural flexure" or "hæmal flexure,” in the anatomy of the interior, is comprehensively yet distinctly conveyed by this epithet-for which, perhaps, "Circumflect" might be a serviceable synonym. The word "Circumsect," used in the text as interchangeable with "Articulate," has the convenience of being free from applicability to the Vertebrate type, and of suggesting etymologically the affinity of the spider, the crab, and the worm to the great family of insects, already known by a name thoroughly embedded in our language. 82. Reade Lecture, passim. 83. Yet none of these instances approach the following : The American whale-ship "Essex" sailed from Nantucket for the Pacific Ocean in August, 1819. Late in the fall of the same year, when in latitude 40 deg. of the South Pacific, a shoal of sperm-whales was discovered, and three boats were manned and sent in pursuit. The mate's boat was struck by one of them, and he was obliged I have seen A curious child, who dwelt upon a tract Is to the ear of Faith; and there are times, -The Excursion, Book IV. |