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RUMFORD CHEMICAL WORKS, BEWARE OF IMITATIONS. PHOTOGRAPHIC OUTFITS 25 Cents to $500. Best Lenses. Success is sure with our Photo-Compound Pellets. "How Photographs are Made" and Illustrated Catalogue mailed free. QUEEN & CO., Philada, Pa. FRIDAY, AUGUST 12, 1887. WHAT AMERICAN ZOÖLOGISTS HAVE DONE FOR EVOLUTION.' LADIES AND GENTLEMEN, -Eleven years ago I had the honor of reading before this association an address in which an attempt was made to show what American zoologists had done for evolution. My reasons for selecting this subject were, first, that no general review of this nature had been made; and, second, that many of the oft-repeated examples in support of the derivative theory were from European sources, and did not carry the weight of equally important facts the records of which were concealed in our own scientific journals. Darwin was pleased to write to me that most of the facts I had mentioned were familiar to him, but, to use his own words, he was amazed at their number and importance when brought together in this manner. The encouragement of his recognition has led me to select a continuation of this theme as a subject for the customary presidential address, a task which is at best a thankless if not a profitless one. Had I faintly realized, however, the increasing number and importance of the contributions made by our students on this subject, I should certainly have chosen a different theme. Incomplete as is this record of ten years' work, I am compelled to present it. In the Buffalo address two marked periods in the work of the zoologists in this country are recognized: the one period embracing the work of the topographers, the field-surveyors in the science; the other period dating from the advent of Agassiz, with the wonderful impulse he imparted to the study by his enthusiasm and devotion. A third period in American zoological science, and by far the most important awakening, dates from the publication of Darwin's Origin of Species.' Its effect on zoological literature was striking. The papers were first tinged with the new doctrine, then saturated, and now, without reference to the theory, derivation is taken for granted. As zoologists, we are indebted to Darwin for the wide-spread public interest in our work. Before Darwin, the importance of our special studies was far outweighed by the practical value placed upon science, in the application of which an immediate material gain was assured. Chemistry, physics, geology, were important only because a practical application of these sciences was capable of showing an immediate material return. Agassiz, in his appeal to the State for appropriations for the great museum at Cambridge, insisted that there were higher dividends than money ones to be looked for in endowments for zoological museums, and these were intellectual dividends. While the force of this appeal will always remain true, the transcendent importance of the naturalist's studies from the standpoint of Darwin is widely recognized. Man now becomes an object of rigid scientific scrutiny, from the new position which has shed such a flood of light upon the animals below him. His habits, behavior, the physical influences of his environment and their effects upon him, transmission of peculiarities, through the laws of heredity, all these factors are directly implicated in the burning questions and problems which agitate him to-day. Questions of labor, temperance, prison-reform, distribution of charities, religious agitations, are questions immediately concerning the mammal man, and are now to be seriously studied from the solid standpoint of observation and experiment, and not from the emotional and often incongruous attitude of the Church. To a naturalist it may seem well-nigh profitless to discuss the question of evolution, since the battle has been won; and, if there be any discussion, it is as to the relative merits and force of 1 Abridged from the address to the American Association for the Advancement of Science, at New York, Aug. 10, 1887, by Prof. E. W. Morse of Salem, Mass., the retiring president of the association. the various factors involved. The public, however, are greatly interested in the matter, as may be seen by a renewal of the fight in the English reviews; and the agitation is still kept up by wellmeaning though ignorant advisers, who insist that science has not yet accepted the doctrine; and great church organizations meet to condemn and expel their teachers of science from certain schools of learning because their teachings are imbued with the heresy. Dr. Asa Gray, in his discriminating biographical memoir of Darwin, says in regard to the doctrine of descent,' "It is an advance from which it is evidently impossible to recede: as has been said of the theory of the conservation of energy, so in this the proof of this great generalization, like that of all other great generalizations, lies mainly in the fact that the evidence in its favor is continually augmenting, while that against it is continually diminishing as the progress of science reveals to us more and more the workings of the universe." Let us examine, then, the evidences, trivial as well as important, that have been recorded by American zoologists within the past ten years in support of the derivative theory. Without further apology for the very imperfect character of this survey, let me at once begin by calling attention first to the testimony regarding the variation in habits, and evidences of reasoningpower, in animals. The establishment of individual variation in mental powers, change in habits, etc., lies at the foundation of Darwinism as furnishing material for selective action. There is no group of animals which exceeds the birds in varied and suggestive material for the evolutionist. It is a significant fact that the birds, which appeared to Cuvier and his contemporaries a closed type, a group that seemed to fulfil the ideal conception of a class archetype as compared to other groups which had their open as well as obscure relationships, should be, of all groups, the one that first yielded its exclusive characteristics. In fact, there is no group in which the barriers have been so completely demolished as in this apparently distinct and isolated class. An attentive and patient study of the birds has established almost every point defined by Darwin in his theory of natural selection. One has only to recall the marked reptilian affinities as shown in their embryological and paleontological history. Besides all these structural relationships, the birds possess, as a group, remarkable and striking illustrations of variation in color, size, marking, nesting, albinism, melanism, moulting, migration, song, geographical variation, sexual selection, secondary sexual characters, protective coloring; and in their habits show surprising mechanical cunning and ingenuity, curious and inexplicable freaks, parental affection, hybridity: indeed, the student need go no further than the birds to establish every principle of the derivative theory. The many observations on the nesting habits of birds would form a curious chapter as illustrating the individual peculiarities of these creatures. Mr. J. A. Allen, in writing on the inadequate theory of bird'snests, shows grave and important exceptions to Wallace's theory, though he subscribes heartily to his philosophy of bird's-nests. He expresses surprise that closely allied species of birds should oftentimes build divers kinds of nests, overlooking the fact that even closely allied varieties of man build entirely unlike houses. The behavior of wild birds when kept in confinement, and the attempts made in domesticating them, has always furnished an interesting field for study. The curious freaks and impulses which they often betray, the changes they show under the new conditions, indicate in some measure the plasticity of their organization. Hon. John D. Caton, in an interesting paper on unnatural attachments among animals, records a curious fondness shown by a crane for a number of pigs; and in another paper on the wild turkey and its domestication, this writer has made some valuable records |