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dred can never be effected, because the creditor who is likely to become Tenant to the estate, will not forego the chance he has of reaping a good harvest at the expence of those who will be barred from participating in it under the decret. In consequence of this the estate and effects usually remain for the year and a day, in statu quo, excepting that the debtor and his family are allowed a maintenance out of them for that eriod, and at the expiration thereof, the whole is adjudicated in one lot by a decree for the benefit of the Tenant, and such prior claimants as had recovered judgments and had caused them to be registered against the debtor's estate. See Insolvency.

Propositions to the States must, by an Order in Council, of 1771, be submitted in writing, in the form they are intended of to be passed 14 days before they are debated, and passed. By an Order in Council of the 23d May, 1816, the Greffier of the States must certify that every act which he may transmit for royal approbation, has been lodged au greffe according to law.

Provisional Laws and Ordinances.-And his Majesty doth hereby order, that no laws or ordinances whatever, which may be made provisionally or in view of being afterwards assented to by his Majesty in Council shall be passed, but by the whole assembly of the States of the said Island, and with respect to such provisional laws and ordinances so passed by them, that none shall be put or remain in force for any time, longer than three years, but that the same upon its being represented by the States to his Majesty, that such Laws and Ordinances are found by experience to be useful and expedient to be continued, shall having first obtained his Majesty's royal assent and not till then, be inserted and become part of the code of the political Laws of the said island ; and his Majesty doth further order, that when anything is proposed to the assembly of the States, it shall be wrote down in the form in which it is meant to be passed and there shall be debated, after which it shall be lodged au greffe for fourteen days at least before it shall be 'determined, in order that every individual of the State may have full time to consider thereof,and the Constables to consult their constituents if they judged necessary, and that this delay shall be only dispensed with in case of emergency in which the safety of the Island may happen to be immediately concerned. And his Majesty doth hereby further order, that in case it should happen that the Governor, Lieut. Governor, or Com. mander in Chief of the said island should not be present at the Assembly of the States, then that before any Act or matters determined therein shall be effectual, application shall first be

made to the Governor, Lieat. Governor, or Commander in Chief, to know whether he chooses to make use of the negative voice he hath." [Order in Council, March, 28th, 1771.]

Public Accounts, are audited by the States: no Constable is allowed to pass his accounts without vouchers: they are limited to a fixed amount of expenditure and without the consent of the States they cannot legally go beyond the limit.

Publicans.-See Ale Houses.

Publicity of States Meeting -The States have the power of regulating from day to day, the admission of strangers into their assembly. [Order in Council, Aug. 14, 1833.]

Public offices, malversation of abroad.-In ex-parte Stephen before the King's Bench, in 1832, Mr. Justice J. Parke held that the applicant might proceed against General Darling, either by indictment or civil action in that court, for a personal wrong committed when Governor of New South Wales. Justices Taunton and Patterson concurred. In Glynn v. Sir W. Houston, Governor of Gibraltar, before the Rolls Court, in 1836, which was a bill of discovery, praying that defendant might be ordered to produce various deeds, letters, books, papers, cases which had been stated for counsel's opinion, and other documents in his possession, in aid of an action, which plaintiff had commenced against him in the Court of King's Bench, for assault and false imprisonment committed by Col. John Hastings Myer and a party of soldiers under his command; on an objection raised by Mr. Pemberton, that Defendant was not amenable for what he had done in his public character, Lord Langdale is reported to have said: "there was not a doubt but that a governor or any other person invested with an official capacity was answerable for a wrong, not only in damages but also criminally, and he could not consider that there was any difference, because the injury complained of was small. In this case the plaintiff's life had been threatened, and he had been prevented from leaving his house, for which there certainly was a remedy by action. But as no person was bound to make any admissions which would criminate himself, the bill for the discovery of the documents could not be maintained."

Putting off Trial on account of the absence of a witness. In civil cases if a witness is absent, the trial is put off without any affidavit being made of the materiality of such witness. The Court never requires to be satisfied that his evidence is really necessary, but adjudges the witness (unless he sends a legal excuse) to the expences of the day. Conformably to a certain Order of the King and of his Council, dated the 30th

day of April 1696, and enrolled in the book of the States the 4th day of July following, it is ordered that the Clameur de Haro,and Coroner's Inquests small be treated with dispatch the the first day of Court, provided there shall be three Judges sitting at the least. Code, 1771.

Quakers are exempted from Militia duty in Guernsey, but not in Jersey. See Affirmations.

Quarantine-boat and Anchorage Dues.-There shall be levied each voyage on all ships and vessels coming into the harbours or roads of this Island, viz: on traders four pence per ton, and on those which come into the ports or roads of this Island less than six times a year, six pence per ton, according to the guage named in the certificate of registry. The following are exempted from all duties: 1st.-His Majesty's ships. 2d.-Vessels belonging to the Royal Yacht Club. 3d.-Vraic boats, and fishing-boats not decked. 4th.-All ships which shall come into the roads of this Island to receive orders for their destination, or put in by stress of weather, or by cause of damage, provided that they disembark no passengers, nor merchandize, nor any other thing except provisions for the use of the crew.-[Act of the States, July 4, 1836.]

Quarter days.-The Quarters of a Year for letting houses shall be regulated in the following manner, that is to say, the first quarter of the year shall expire the 25th day of March, the second the 24th day of June, the third the 29th day of September, and the last quarter the 25th day of December. Code, 1771.

Quarters to the Rate and Quarters of Rent.-Quarter to the Parish Rate and that of Wheat Rent are very different; the first is that which is levied for the maintenance of the poor,main roads, &c. averaging annually in the Country Parishes from 2 to 5 shillings, per quarter, and the second is a mortgage on property, each quarter being worth from £16 to £17 10s. according to the net value of the property on which it is due, and the quantity of wheat rents which the proprietor of that property has to receive; the legal interest of each quarter annually received is, 16s. 8d.

Queen's Bench in England.-This Court has jurisdiction over the conduct of Governors and all persons holding office under the Crown.

Queen's Receivers are appointed by the Governor, and sworn in by the Court. The Governor may divide the office and appoint more than one, committing such branches of the revenue as he shall think fit to each of their charges, and all of them to be sworn Receivers, and he may displace them, and put others in

their room as he pleases. The Receivers' office is to receive all the Queen's revenue, forfeitures, wrecks of sea, hen's eggs, &c. They keep the book of the Queen's rents, in a large margin of which, over against the name of him from whom any rent is due, they set a mark to shew the year of our Lord,when they receive that rent. And these books are in some sort a matter of record. What comes to the receivers' hands is to be issued according to the governor's appointment, to whom alone the receivers are accountable. Their oath of office is as follows:- You inasmuch as it has pleased Governor in this isle of Jersey, under our Sovereign Lady, Victoria the First, by the Grace of God, Queen of Great Britain and Ireland, &c., to have pamed and chosen you to be receiver general of the revenues of her Majesty in this said island of Jersey, as appears by her order, you promise and swear by the faith and oath that you owe to God, that you will be loyal and faithful to Her Most Excellent Majesty and to her noble successors, acknowledging her under God, chief and supreme Governor in all her Kingdoms and Dominions: You shall demand and receive the rents, debts and revenues of Her Majesty, by all means of right and justice, in order to be responsible to the said Governor, to whom you shall pay obedience and to the Lieut. Governor, in what shall regard the service of Her Majesty."

Queen's Receivers, their office not incompatible with that of Constable. In the case of Mr. Pipou, one of the receivers of the crown revenue, who in 1779, was elected Constable of the Parish of St. Brelade, and to whom the Court refused to administer the oath of office, certain members of the States petitioned his Majesty in Council on the subject. The said petition having been referred to the committee, and they having given in their report: "His Majesty taking the said report into his consideration was pleased with the advice of his Privy Council to approve thereof, and to declare that the office of Constable and representative of a parish is not incompatible with the office of Receiver of his Majesty's revenue in the Island of Jersey." [Order in Council, May 18, 1781, registered, Sept. 17, 1781.]

Queen's Weights.-There shall be a person of sworn capability to have the custody of the Queen's Weights, who shall receive the following fees, that is to say, one sou eight deniers (a small copper coin of the value of a tenth of an english penny) for the weight of each ox or cow. One sou eight deniers for each bale of wool, four deniers for each quarter of bacon, and eight deniers per hundred for all other kind of

merchandize, of which fees there shall be a table affixed in the weighing house, in order that the person who is sworn, as well as all others may conform themselves thereto.-Code, 1771.

Quorum.-Conformably to a certain Order of His Majesty and of His Privy Council, dated the 12th day of the month of June, 1731, all causes which, according to the custom of the isle, ought to be heard before seven Judges shall be treated before three only, when a greater number not recusable cannot be assembled.-Code, 1771. Notwithstanding the positive nature of this law, it has been set aside in many cases, and what is singular enough is, that those Jurats who have set it aside one day, have maintained it the next, and vice versa ; for if they have maintained it one day, they have overruled it on the following, and this in the most capricious manner possible, their judgments depending entirely on who were the parties at issue. First, let us take two criminal cases and place them in juxta position. In the Crown v. Chatelier, the Jurats De St. Ouen, Marett, Bertram, Le Quesne, Le Maistre and Bisson held that six Magistrates were not competent to form a Full Court; but in Crown v. Saph, a few days afterwards, the same Jurats, (with the exception of Marett who was replaced by Judge Nicolle) held that the Court was competent! Now for two civil causes. In the case of Vautier and Syvret v. Vautier, Oct. 24, 1838, defendant's counsel having strenuously objected to the competency of the Court for want of number, inasmuch as there were only six Jurats on the Bench, notwithstanding there had been no recusations made against any Jurat whatever, the Court composed of Marett, Bertram, Le Quense, Le Maistre (Trinity) Bisson and Ed. Nicolle held that it was competent but in the case of Blanchard v. Laing, April 17, 1839; the very same Jurats held that it was incompetent ! These are not solitary cases.

Quo Warranto, a prerogative Writ which lies against any person or corporation that usurps an office, franchise or liberty, against the Crown, to enquire by what warrant or right and title they hold or claim the same. The modern information tends to the same purpose as the writ of Quo Warranto, and is regulated by the 9th Ann., c. 20: 60 Geo, 4, c. 4. It has been decided that no information in the nature of a Quo Warranto can be granted against a corporation acting as such, but only against individual members. Rex. S. Carmarthen, (Corporation) 1. W. Black, 187; 2 Burr. 869. An information in the nature of a Quo Warranto, against persons for claiming to act as a corporation, must be filed by and in the name of the

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