Societal Evolution: A Study of the Evolutionary Basis of the Science of SocietyMacmillan, 1915 - Всего страниц: 338 |
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Стр. 4
... tion rather than proved and used over and over again as a scientific verity . It is no tool of research . If social scientists use the terms variation , selection , and so on , they mean nothing definite and actual by them ; their use ...
... tion rather than proved and used over and over again as a scientific verity . It is no tool of research . If social scientists use the terms variation , selection , and so on , they mean nothing definite and actual by them ; their use ...
Стр. 9
... tion ; as Romanes says , " The theory of Darwin has to do with adaptations in all or- ganic nature , whether they have to do with species or not . " Optimism and pessimism are alike impertinent when injected into science . But if ...
... tion ; as Romanes says , " The theory of Darwin has to do with adaptations in all or- ganic nature , whether they have to do with species or not . " Optimism and pessimism are alike impertinent when injected into science . But if ...
Стр. 15
... tion and not merely like it . In the social field , also , there is a means of transmission having the essential attributes of heredity in nature ; 1 and adaptation occurs in one range of phe- nomena as in the other . These factors have ...
... tion and not merely like it . In the social field , also , there is a means of transmission having the essential attributes of heredity in nature ; 1 and adaptation occurs in one range of phe- nomena as in the other . These factors have ...
Стр. 19
... tion or realization . The complicated machine is the materialization of the brain - action of its inventors ; it is not mere wood and iron . Every weapon , article of clothing , or other invention ( standing as a substitute for ...
... tion or realization . The complicated machine is the materialization of the brain - action of its inventors ; it is not mere wood and iron . Every weapon , article of clothing , or other invention ( standing as a substitute for ...
Стр. 20
... tion of the phases through which general ver- tebrate structure , or the horse's hoof , proceeds . The mode of evolution is changed ; the process goes on . Thus human evolution diverges from the general course of antecedent evolution ...
... tion of the phases through which general ver- tebrate structure , or the horse's hoof , proceeds . The mode of evolution is changed ; the process goes on . Thus human evolution diverges from the general course of antecedent evolution ...
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Часто встречающиеся слова и выражения
acculturation adaptation advance altered animal artificialized environment become biogenetic law biologically fit Challenge of Facts chapter character characteristic civilization classes colony conflict counterselection course Darwin Darwinian degree economic effective elements Eskimo essay ethnocentrism eugenics evolutionary example factors field folkways forces frontier society Galton habitudes Hence heredity Hindu-Arabic Numerals idea imitation inculcation individual industrial instance interests isolation labor land laws leprosy less life-conditions maintenance-mores marriage matter means ment mental mind mode natural environment natural selection operation organic evolution phenomena political population present primitive progress prosperity-policy race rational selection reactions realization reason religion rest sanction savage science of society scientist secondary societal forms secure seen sense societal evolution societal selection societal self-maintenance sort stage standard of living struggle for existence Sumner Superorganic tion topic tradition transmission urban code variation whole
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Стр. 6 - I find that my mind is so fixed by the inductive method that I cannot appreciate deductive reasoning: I must begin with a good body of facts and not from a principle (in which I always suspect some fallacy) and then as much deduction as you please.
Стр. 98 - The true grounds of decision are considerations of policy and of social advantage, and it is vain to suppose that solutions can be attained merely by logic and the general propositions of law which nobody disputes. Propositions as to public policy rarely are unanimously accepted, and still more rarely, if ever, are capable of unanswerable proof. They require a special training to enable any one even to form an intelligent opinion about them.
Стр. 36 - The folkways, therefore, are not creations of human purpose and wit. They are like products of natural force which men unconsciously set in operation, or they are like the instinctive ways of animals which are developed out of experience, which reach a final form of maximum adaptation to an interest, which are handed down by tradition and admit of no exception or variation, yet change to meet new conditions, still within the same limited methods, and without rational reflection or purpose.
Стр. 35 - The operation by which folkways are produced consists in the frequent repetition of petty acts, often by great numbers acting in concert or, at least, acting in the same way when face to face with the same need.
Стр. 7 - Evolution is an integration of matter and concomitant dissipation of motion; during which the matter passes from an indefinite, incoherent homogeneity to a definite, coke-rent heterogeneity ; and during which the retained motion undergoes a parallel transformation.
Стр. 20 - If it could be demonstrated that any complex organ existed, which could not possibly have been formed by numerous, successive, slight modifications, my theory would absolutely break down.
Стр. 61 - If asked why they act in a certain way in certain cases, primitive people always answer that it is because they and their ancestors always have done so. A sanction also arises from ghost fear. The ghosts of ancestors would be angry if the living should change the ancient folkways.
Стр. 131 - The sound student of sociology can hold out to mankind, as individuals or as a race, only one hope of better and happier living. That hope lies in an enhancement of the industrial virtues and of the moral forces which thence arise.
Стр. 109 - Those who govern, having much business on their hands, do not generally like to take the trouble of considering and carrying into execution new projects. The best public measures are therefore seldom adopted from previous wisdom, but forced by the occasion.
Стр. 35 - It is of the first importance to notice that, from the first acts by which men try to satisfy needs, each act stands by itself, and looks no further than the immediate satisfaction.