and a representation given of the important chemical manufactures, and of those trades which are based on chemical principles-this being included in the exposition of the reflective elements, e. g., the manufacturing of clay ware, in speaking of clay, etc. Moreover the principal merchandises and products are here spoken of as fuel, coloring matter, food, etc. 33. Practical Exercises in Chemistry: 8-12 hours, as in III. Besides, the pupils of this section attend 19, and optional 29 and 31; and also, if it appears advantageous for them, 12 and 20. d. For Section C. 34. Doctrine of soil and manure: 2 hours; the various circumstances that influence the soil, classification of soil according to the Saxon mode of valuation, natural and artificial sorts of manure, their effect and application. 35. Nursing of plants: in summer 3, in winter 2 hours. Especial part: culture of useful plants, including meadows, vines and orchards, with a short sketch of forestry. 36. Cattle Breeding: 2 hours; especial part: cattle, horse, sheep breeding, and with less details, that of goats, fowls, fish, silk-worms and bees. 37. Agricultural Machines: 2 hours. 38. Farming: 3 hours; in general; requisites of farming, organization and management of a farm, Agricultural book-keeping, Agricultural valuation. 39. Agricultural Architecture: 1 hour, in winter, regarding the buildings, barns, stables, etc. 40. Agricultural excursions, in company of a teacher, and experiments of cultivation in the fields and gardens of the establishment. Time not fixed. 41. Knowledge of Machines and Technology: 4 hours; in summer, description of the chief motors and parts of machines, and of the manufacturing of wood and iron. 42. Agricultural Chemistry: 4 hours; in winter. Besides, the pupils of this section attend 29 two hours a week; especially for drawing agricultural utensils and machines; No. 16 and optionally 17; No. 33 in summer four times, in winter 4-8 times, and No. 32 for three hours. I. CLASS-SECTION A. 43. Knowledge of Machines: 8 hours. 44. Drawing of Machines: 8 hours for A a, 4 for A b. 45. Mathematics: 3 hours only for A a. Theory of higher equations, analytical geometry of space. 46. Perspective: 2 hours only for A a. Perspective representation of points, lines, plains and bodies, with the shade of the sun and of lamps, etc. Mineralogy and Geognosy, (No 20,) only for A a. Technical Chemistry, (32,) A a; 2 hours in summer. The pupils of A b, have finished it in the second class. 47. Analytical and Theoretical Chemistry: 3 hours; only for A b. The qualitative analysis reviewed and completed, the quantitative analysis of weight and volume treated more accurately, weight of atoms, their relations to crystal forms, to volume and specific weight, etc. Practical exercises in chemistry, (33,) A b, in 12 hours; A a, 2-4 hours in summer, 4 hours in winter. The pupils of this class attend German, (24,) 2 hours, 19, 25, (in summer,) and 31, (in general only A a, 2 hours,) and optionally, No. 16. Besides, all the pupils of the school have opportunity to learn, 48-51. French, in four classes, 3 hours a week. The pupils are admitted to that class for which each of them is fit. 52-54. English: in three classes; 3 hours. 55. Commercial Book-keeping and correspondence: 3 hours. 56. Embossing in clay, one afternoon in every week. 57. History and Geography: in IV., 4 hours, which all pupils not sufficiently advanced in those branches must attend. 58-59. Manufacturing Drawing, (fabrikzeichnen,) neat, destined for such as work at Chemnitz in manufacturing establishments, but which may be attended also by proper pupils of the Gewerbschule, 4 hours in the evening, in two sections. In the lower, (11 pupils with three of the middle school,) drawing in general is taught; in the upper, (41 p.,) the pupils are practiced in drawing or sketching of ornaments concerning their particular trade, etc. Besides, the principal, Professor Schnedermann, (teacher of chemistry,) there are 16 teachers, three of whom bear the title, professor. In I there are 9 pupils for the full course-4 for single branches. 66 II " III "IV a With the Gewerbschule, is joined what is called, BAUGEWERKENSCHULE, i. e. a school for carpenters and masons, (journeymen,) lower class: 29 pupils. Arithmetic: 6 hours from the first rules as far as quadratic equations. Geometry, 4 hours; General Architecture, 8 hours; Lineal and ornamental Drawing, 4 hours; Doctrine of Projection, 4 hours; German, 3 hours. Upper Class, 31 pupils. Mechanical Physic, 6 hours, with particular attention to architecture. Doctrine of construction, 6 hours; Sketches of Architectural Plans, 4 hours; Modeling, 6 hours; Embossing, 4 hours; Drawing, 4 hours; Perspective, 2 hours; German, 2 hours. and a so-called Mechanische Baugewerken and Werkmeister schule. Third class 18 pupils; (Miller's machine builders, locksmiths, etc., journeymen.) Arithmetic, 6 hours; Geometry, 4 hours; German, 3 hours; Drawing, 4 hours; Geometrical Drawing, 8 hours; Natural Philosophy, 4 hours. Second class: 17 pupils. Mathematics and Mechanics, 12 hours; Machine Drawing, 8 hours; Surveying, 4 hours; Mechanical Technology, 4 hours; Model Drawing, 4 hours; German, 3 hours. First class: 13 pupils. Machines, 8 hours; Mechanical Drawing, 8 hours; a, construction of rails, 4 hours for railing; b, spinning and weaving, each in 4 hours; c, construction of pipes and wells, 4 hours; Drawing, 4 hours; Embossing, 4 hours; Model Drawing, 4 hours; Book-keeping, 2 hours. SUNDAY SCHOOL IN CHEMNITZ.-There is a Sunday school in this large manufacturing city, with 1284 students, arranged in 40 classes, viz.: 13 classes in Drawing, with... .440 pupils, ..396 4 Writing, 66 Reading, Natural Philosophy, The expenses of the school amounted in 1856 to 1.500 thalers. NEW REGULATIONS RESPECTING NORMAL SCHOOLS.-The department of public instruction has issued new regulations for the normal schools, in the same general spirit of the Prussian regulations, but not quite so conservative. HONOR TO A SUCCESSFUL TEACHER.-Dr. Georgi, director of the Institution for the Blind in Dresden, has been presented with the Danebrog order, by the King of Denmark-the institution with that at Paris having been reported as the best in Europe, by a commission appointed to examine all in different countries. BURGHER SCHOOL AT LEIPSIC.-This school embraces in its organization two burgher schools, and a real school, under Dr. Vogel as principal, assisted by one vice-principal, 70 male and 8 female assistants. In 1800 there were 2511 pupils in 53 classes. The real school had 174 pupils, under 12 teachers, and two " candidates," as assistants. These candidates, have passed favorably their examination as teachers in high schools, and are now teaching for one year on trial before they can be appointed to a place as principal. AUSTRIA. EMPLOYMENT OF CHILDREN IN PUBLIC EXHIBITIONS.-Children have been forbidden to be employed in theatres and other public exhibitions. Several decrees from the ministry of instruction indicate educational progress, especially in the real schools. GALICIA, with a population of 5,100,000, has more than 3000 common schools, 67 higher schools, 55 institutes, and 62 charity schools. THE TYROL Contains 1030 German, and 812 Italian schools. HUNGARY contains 8,190 common schools; of which 3,500 are Magyar, 2,600 Slavonic, 900 German, 240 Romanic, and 950 mixed. Much is being done to improve the school system, particularly by the establishment of new schools for girls. PESTH has a complete real school of six classes, and also a school fund of $70,000. BAVARIA. The Public Real Schools of Nuremberg consist of,—1. A provincial industrial school, with 163 pupils; 2. An agricultural school, with 93 scholars; 3. A polytechnic school, with 200 students; 4. A city commercial school, with 300 pupils; 5. The royal school of arts. INFANT SCHOOLS IN MUNICH.-There are five infant schools, (besides two in the suburbs,) attended by 780 children, who are educated and fed. A SCHOOL OF HISTORY has been attached to the University of Munich, under the direction of Prof. Sybel. FRANCE. CITY SCHOOLS IN PARIS.-There are in Paris 277 city schools, with 50,542 pupils, supported at an annual expense of 1,323,400 francs. FRANKFORT-ON-THE-MAINE. STATISTICS.—Frankfort has 1 gymnasium; 7 protestant, 4 catholic, and 2 Israelitish public schools; 38 private schools; 3 infant schools; a school for the deaf and dumb, and another for the blind. BADEN. GYMNASIA AND REAL SCHOOLS.-There are in the Grand Duchy, out of a population of 1,356,953, 1,074 pupils in the gymnasia, and 1,872 in the real schools. The real school of Heidelberg has 14 teachers and 219 pupils, of whom only six are in the highest class. HAMBURG. KINDERGARTEN.-Doris Lütken, a pupil of Froebel, has a kindergärten, in two sections: I. For children of from three to six years, who come at 10 A. M. and remain until 2; and, II. A transitory class, for children of from six to eight. There are two courses: the first in learning to read; the second lasts to the eighth year, when the boys graduate, and the girls enter the school of the institution. Lessons in this second course: Monday, 9-11, stories from history, and writing; 11, singing and plays; 12, dinner; 1, reading; 2, handiwork. Tuesday, 9-11, drawing, writing, and arithmetic; 11, gymnastics and plays; 1, reading. Wednesday, 9-12, geography, writing, paper-work, and plays; 1, reading. Thursday, as Monday; together with biblical narratives. Friday, as Tuesday. Saturday, as Wednesday, with natural history. No. 10-[VOL. IV. No. 1.]-17. There are four other public kindergärten in the city. Elsewhere public crêches are very rare. Tuition and board, at Keilhan, (institution of Mesdames Froebel and Middendorf for young ladies,) one hundred thalers for six months, one hundred and eighty for a year. GRAND DUCHY OF HESSE. NORMAL SCHOOL FOR JEWISH TEACHERS.-An association has just been formed for erecting a Jewish normal school. ITEMS. THE NINTH GENERAL ASSEMBLY OF GERMAN TEACHERS, convened this year in Frankfort, on the 3d, 4th, and 5th of June, was attended by 422 teachers, 212 of whom were from Frankfort, and most of the rest from the neighboring states; the two Hesse, 83; Nassau, 50; Baden, 9; Bavaria, 9; Austria, 4; Saxony, 1; Wurtemberg, 6; Thuringia, (the Saxon duchies,) 12; Waldeck, 4; Hanover, 1; Brunswick, 2; Oldenburg, 2; Coethen, 1; Lübeck, 2; Hamburg, 4; and 13 from places in Germany not named. There were also in attendance, 1 from England, 2 from France, 1 from Switzerland, and 1 from Sweden. Lanekhard of Weimar, the editor of the "Reform," (the new educational quar、terly,) was in the chair. A discourse of Director Frohlich of Berne, on the homesickness of Germans in Switzerland, on their educational propaganda, and on the institutions of learning in that country, seems to have excited the greatest and most general interest. Lanekhard also spoke on instruction in drawing. No debates. Next year the assembly will convene in Weimar. SCARCITY OF TEACHERS.-In Kiel, (Holstein,) teachers for the common schools are in such demand, that pupils in the "preparanden," (preparing for admission to the teachers' seminaries,) are employed. In the district of Potsdam, (Prussia,) the school authorities have been compelled, from the scarcity of teachers, to arrange a half-yearly seminary course for young men from 19 to 30 years of age. In some of the cantons of Switzerland, upwards of one hundred teachers have abandoned their schools for other vocations, on account of insufficient salaries. DAILY AND YEARLY EXPENSES OF A SCHOOLMASTER.-The German School Gazette gives the following items of the expenses of a German schoolmaster, father of three little children, with a fixed income of $135.00, (180 thalers,) besides a house, (with three rooms,) and a small additional income as sexton: EXPENSES IN ETON COLLEGE IN 1560. AN ACCOUNT OF THE EXPENSES OF THE TWO BROTHERS, MR. HENRY AND MR. WILLIAM CAVENDISH, SONS OF SIR WILLIAM CAVENDISH, OF CHATSWORTH, KNIGHT, AT ETON COLLEGE, BEGINNING OCTOBER 21ST, 2D ELIZABETH, 1560. (From a contemporary manuscript.) The following curious document, illustrative of the manners as well as of the schoolboy expenses of the time, is taken from the Retrospective Review, vol. xvi., p. 149. Mondaie the xxist of October. In primis bread and beare Boylid mutton and pottage One lytull chekyn. It. for fyre mornyng and evening in ther chamber ther iiiid. Apud cenam duo filii Fraunc. Knolles milit. ibi fuerunt. It. for Thomas Folow dynner at the inne the same day. It. the Frydaie the xxvt of the same på for eight yardes black fryse at It. for the making of the same ii gownes It. the xxvii' day for ii qwere whyte paper It. rec. from M. Fletwod ii yardes fryseado at viiis. the yard. It. pd for iiii yardes black cotton at viiid. the yard It. for the makyng of ii fryseado coates iiiid. xiiis. xvid. viiid. iis. viiid. xxd. It. for sylk to styche the same dubletts and makyng lowpes for the holes It. for one oz. di. [1 ounce] sylk to styche the same hose It. pd for ii combes to my masters iid. It. for a breykfast for the cumpanye of formes in the scole according to the use of the scole. vid. It. the xxix' for ii payr showes for Mr. Henry and Mr. Wm. agaynst All It. geven to a man to see bayre bayting and a camell in the colledge, as It. the xvit day of November på for carryage of the chamber stuff from the warff It. to an old woman for swepyng and makyng cleane the chamber |