tion of these holy occasions, therefore, there can be no apology for discouragement. As in all coöperation with the vast, slow achievements of the Providence that predestines a spiritual harvest from every seed sown in faith, there must be an unhesitating continuance in well doing, and a patient waiting, for results, on Him who is so unspeakably patient with us. Only let the prayers be real prayers; such asking as humbly refers each entreaty to the Supreme, Unerring Will, yet with the fearless trust that He who hears in love will answer in wisdom; let the things prayed for be such things as those then and there assembled most heartily desire, rather than such things as precedent or old tradition have decided it is merely proper to implore; let Christian care and painstaking be applied to the arrangements of the company and the parts of the service; let the intercessions of thousands of sympathizing and anxious homes throughout the land arise in unison; and then there can be no ground of doubt that God will accept our offerings, sanctify our scholarship, lead more of our young men to bring their gifts and attainments to the Saviour's ministry, uniting a broad culture with high aspirations and a profound faith in the structure of the civilization that is to be. Then many a man who enters college only with a vague purpose to profit or to please himself, while there shall listen to a higher call, and become a cheerful servant of the King of kings. Then right-minded, purehearted youths will not find their collegiate course a perversion from integrity, nor a snare to principle, nor a ruin of honorable hopes, but a confirmation of every worthy desire, and a progress in all manly living. Then the thoughts of parents will not turn to these institutions with regret, with maledictions, or with shame, but with confidence, gratitude and joy. Then the Republic will not be disappointed when she looks to the University as "the light of her eyes and the right arm of her strength." Then the most powerful agency that can be conceived will be inaugurated to make our literature healthful, earnest, humane. And then, not only by the motto of a seal, and not only in the pious hopes of its founders, but in the daily spirit of its administration, and in the characters of its graduates, shall each college be dedicated to Christ and the church.

III. PUBLIC INSTRUCTION IN SARDINIA.

BY VINCENZO BOTTA.

Late Professor of Philosophy in the Colleges of Sardinia.

(Continued from page 530, Vol. III.)

TECHNICAL SCHOOLS.-As primary schools are intended to give to all the citizens a general knowledge, such as is necessary to man without distinction of class or difference of calling, secondary instruction has for its object the education and development of more special intellectual capacities, and the preparation of its students for different scientific or artistic professions. The secondary classical schools prepare youth for the professions of the university, while the technical education proposes to direct the students through other courses which find no opening in the university. This instruction, considered as a general system, is of a recent origin; having been organized only since 1848. In that year, when the government founded the national colleges, there were annexed to these institutions technical courses, which were afterward established in connection with many other schools. The course of these schools is of five years, and the students are admitted to it after they have passed the full primary course. The programme taught in these courses, embraces religion, Italian literature, history and geography, elementary and superior mathematics, mechanics, physical science, chemistry, statistics, political economy, commercial law, commercial arithmetic, book-keeping, drawing, both ornamental and of machines, natural history, French, German, English languages, drawing of figures, singing and playing of pianoforte, declamatory art, gymnastics, military exercises, fencing, dancing, calli graphy. There are about fifteen of these schools more or less complete; the best of which are connected with some of the national or royal colleges. The number of the professors of the technical courses varies from ten to twenty, according to the less or greater development of the programme.

Besides these courses there exists in Turin a ROYAL TECHNICAL INSTITUTE, with the following classes: 1st, mechanics applied to arts and industry. 2d, chemistry, applied; 3d, geometry, applied; 4th, agricultural chemistry. 5th, agriculture. 6th, forestry. 7th, descriptive geometry and geometrical drawing. A professor of the institute is entrusted with the direction of the school, and he is assisted by a council of administration especially appointed by the government. The professors are requested to expound in their courses the theoretical principles of the science, over the teaching of which they preside, and to make the applications, the best adapted

to the objects. Besides this ordinary instruction, they are directed to deliver one or more special courses on some particular branch of application, and to organize practical exercises adapted to the nature of their lectures. Each professor is obliged to deliver at least two lectures a week, which must be illustrated by demonstrations and experiments. The institute possesses for this object a laboratory, and various collections of scientific apparatus, drawings, models, engines, and natural productions. The lectures are public and free, and no examination is required from the students, in order to be admitted to them. The students, however, after having completed the course of their instruction, have the right to present themselves for the examination, and to receive a certificate from the examiners. The course of the institute is opened in the middle of November, and ends with the month of June.

There are also in Turin THREE SPECIAL COURSES, directed according to the programme of the national colleges, two PUBLIC TECHNICAL COMMERCIAL SCHOOLS, and a FREE SCHOOL OF Drawing appliED TO ARTS AND Industry. In the same city we find a SCHOOL OF ELECTRIC TELEGRAPHING, a SCHOOL OF GYMNASTICS connected with the association for the progress of gymnastic exercises, and a VETERINARY SCHOOL supported by the government and directed by three professors and two assistants. The pupils are obliged to attend most of the lectures delivered in the ROYAL TECHNICAL INSTITUTE, in addition to the instruction which they receive in the veterinary school.

Genoa can boast of a TECHNICAL SCHOOL in which are taught chemistry, mechanics, and geometry, applied to arts, geometry, arithmetic and trigonometry applied to navigation, navigation, naval construction, and design. There is also a TECHNICAL COURSE connected with its national college, and a SCHOOL OF COMMERCE; besides a ROYAL SCHOOL OF MARINES, in which are given courses of mechanics, of astronomy and hydrography applied to navigation, of elementary, analytic and descriptive geometry, of infinitesimal calculus, algebra, plain and spherical trigonometry, navigation, chemical and physical sciences, naval construction, fortification, artillery and military art, history, physical and political statistics, and commercial geometry. The pupils are also taught Italian literature, the English and French languages, drawing, calligraphy, fencing, and dancing. In the summer of each year the pupils make a voyage of instruction in ships belonging to the State. The institution is conducted by sixteen officers and professors, and has about sixty pupils. In Genoa, there is in operation a FREE AND MUNICIPAL INSTITUTION OF MUSIC, for both sexes, with the following course of instruction: musical composition, singing, piano-forte, violin, double bass, violoncello, clarinet, flute, cornet, and other instru ments. It is directed by thirteen professors.

Chambery has a SPECIAL COURSE connected with its national college, and TECHNICAL SCHOOLS of mechanics and chemistry applied to arts. Nice possesses also a SPECIAL COURSE in its national college, a SCHOOL OF COMMERCE supported by a private association and by subsidies from the government and the municipality, and a FREE SCHOOL OF NAVIGATION.

We find in the other principal cities technical schools, more or less extensive, according to their means and specialities, and which are all free and supported either by the government, or by the municipalities, or by private associations. Among those we may mention as the most prominent: THE SCHOOL OF AGRICULTURE, of Motte-Servollex, in Savoy.

THE SCHOOL OF WATCHMAKING, of Cluses, in Savoy.

THE SCHOOL OF COMMERCE, of Bonneville, in Savoy.

THE SCHOOL OF ARTS AND TRADES, of Biella, connected with the Association for the advancement of arts, trade, and agriculture of that province. THE SCHOOL OF ORNAMENT AND ARCHITECTURE of Chiavari,connected with the Economical Association of that city.

BELLINI'S INSTITUTION OF ARTS AND TRADE, at Novara.

THE SCHOOL OF LAND SURVEYING AND THE SCHOOL FOR ARTISANS, of Casale.

THE SCHOOL OF DESIGN, of Varallo.

THE COLLEGE FOR THE CHILDREN of officers and soldiers, at Racconiggi. THE MILITARY SCHOOL OF CAVALRY, of Pinerolo.

THE SCHOOL OF PONTONEERS, at Casale.

THE SCHOOL OF NAVIGATION of Villafranca.

THE ECCLESIASTICAL SEMINARIES belong to the system of special instruction, as their object consists in training students of Divinity, and candidates for the priesthood. The pupils are boarded and lodged in these institutions, for which either they pay a moderate price, or are entirely exempted from any payment, according to the means of the seminaries, and the pleasure of the bishops. The entire course of the seminary lasts seven years, and embraces courses of philosophy, and of theology. The course of philosophy lasts two years, and does not differ from the collegiate course. Theology is divided into two main parts, dogmatic and moral. In the best institutions there is also a course of canon law, ecclesiastical history, liturgy and sacred oratory. They own property and support themselves. The government, however, pays a salary to one of the professors of theology, whenever the bishops submit the appointment to its approbation, admit in their establishments the treatises prescribed by the university, and allow them to be inspected by the official inspectors. There are about forty-four of these seminaries, most of which have of late refused to submit to any control from the government. SCHOOLS OF THE WALDENSES.-Though the Waldenses enjoy the full right of availing themselves of public instruction, under the direction of the government, yet in those places where they constitute the majority of the population, they have schools of their own. Such is TRINITY COLLEGE, established at Torre, where pupils are taught theology, philosophy, and belles-lettres, and with which three elementary schools are connected. We find also primary schools in all the parishes of the Waldenses in the valleys of Lucerne, Perosa, St. Martin, etc. They have also a SUPERIOR SCHOOL FOR GIRLS, at Torre, and some LATIN SCHOOLS-all of which are conducted according to the programme of the state.

The government of the TECHNICAL COURSES AND SCHOOLS, which are

supported by the government itself, belongs to the general Council of elementary instruction, the organization of which we have described elsewhere. The ROYAL TECHNICAL INSTITUTE, however, is directed by a special council of administration, under the immediate direction of the minister. In regard to the others, they are under special administrations, over which the government retains a right of control and inspection.

In connection with the public technical or special schools we may glance at a number of provident and reformatory institutions which, though they do not belong strictly to the system of public instruction, contribute largely to the education and general improvement of the capital.

ROYAL HOUSE of Virtue, (R. Albergo di Virtu,) founded in 1587, in which 120 poor boys are gratuitously lodged and supported, instructed and trained to some art, such as the manufacture of silk and woolen goods, ribbons, laces, stockings, or to some mechanical trade.

COLLEGE OF YOUNG ARTISANS, (Collegio degli Artigianelli,) recently founded by private benevolence for the purpose of sheltering, educating and training poor and abandoned boys to some mechanical or agricultural pursuit.

ROYAL MENDICANT ASYLUM, (R. Ricovero di Mendicita,) founded in 1840, for persons found begging in the streets, who are provided for, and set to work-they enjoy a part of the proceeds of their labor.

ROYAL COLLEGE OF PROVIDENCE accommodates 140 respectable young ladies, and gives them instruction in every kind of feminine employment.

HOUSES OF REFUGE, (Il Soccorso e il Deposito,) where the daughters of respectable impoverished families have a home, and are educated and trained to different kinds of work.

ASYLUM OF THE ROSINE, (Il Ritiro delle Rosine,) where 330 poor girls are boarded and lodged, and provided with instruction and employment.

ASYLUM OF THE SAPELLINE, founded in 1822, as a home for young girls who are morally endangered, where they are instructed and trained to feminine occupations.

HOME FOR ORPHAN GIRLS, (Monasterio delle Povere Orfane,) founded in 1550.

ROYAL ASYLUM for daughters of military officers. This institution accommodates about seventy inmates, with a home education.

INSTITUTION FOR VAGRANTS, founded in 1776. It gives employment and instruction to the extreme poor and their children, and bestows a small dowry on the girls when they marry. The instruction is given by volunteers, gentlemen and ladies of high social standing.

THE LITTLE HOME OF DIVINE PROVIDENCE, (Piccola Casa della Divina Providenza,) founded in 1829, as a home for infirm, sick, and poor people of every age. It has accommodations for 1200 inmates, who are classified according to their condition in the Orphan Asylum, the Infant Schools, (of which there are five,) School for the Deaf-mutes, the Hospital, &c. The workshops are well appointed and managed. The carpets, laces, and wool-tissues manufactured here are in great