demand, and have twice received the golden medal at the national industrial exhibition. There is also a School for Music, in which pupils are trained for the Royal Chapel.

ROYAL NORMAL SCHOOL FOR DEAF-MUTES, founded in 1834. It receives pupils of both sexes between the age of 10 and 16 years, who pay a small sum for their board and lodging. After they have received a sufficient instruction, the boys are trained to the practice of some trade in some workshops of the city, and board in the establishment during the five or six years of their apprenticeship, the girls are instructed in all kinds of feminine occcupation. Day pupils are also admitted to the school of the institution, without any charges. The city of Turin supports at its own expense some pupils in the institution. Other provinces follow this example. This institution trains teachers for similar schools in other parts of the kingdom.

Other cities of the kingdom abound in similar institutions. Many of them are under the care of religious sisterhoods and voluntary associations, and are supported by endowments and annual contributions.

Among the technical or special schools may be mentioned the Correctional and Reformatory School for young detenues, two miles out of Turin. It is organized and managed substantially after the plan of Parkhurst Prison in England, and the State Reform School at Westborough, Mass. There are over 300 inmates, divided into four sections, mostly employed in gardening and in mechanical trades closely associated with agriculture and common life, such as carpentering, tailoring, &c. The construction and internal management of this Reformatory has led to the improvement of the prisons and prison discipline of the kingdom generally. There is also at Turin a HOUSE OF CORRECTION, which is both a Prison and a Hospital, supported by the government for criminal and abandoned women; a House of Charitable Refuge, supported by private benevolence for the same class of women desirous of entering on a better life. Associated with these institutions there is a Patronage Society, to assist discharged inmates of the reformatory school in finding employment.

From this survey of institutions of secondary including special instruction, it is evident that the government of Sardinia is behind no European State in assisting the development of the industrial resources of the country, while it at the same time provides for universal elementary instruction, and the demands of higher learning and science. Quite recently the government has divided the technical or special schools into two classes: the first having a course of three, and the second of two years; the last having two sections, one commercial and the other industrial, so as to meet the wants of different pupils, and different localities. The government also distributes an annual subsidy of seventy thousand francs among these schools, for the special benefit of the teachers.

The examination, which leads the pupils from the secondary schools to the university, is called the examination of Magistero, and constitutes the first degree on which the university bestows a diploma.

The diploma is given under the control and direction of the faculties

of letters and philosophy, and of physical and mathematical sciences;
which are represented by special committees, each of which consists of
three members, of whom one at least must be an ordinary professor of
the faculty. The other members are annually appointed by the minister
of public instruction, selected from the doctors of the same faculties.
These committees in the university of Turin can not be less than three
for each subject of examination. The examination consists of three
different subjects; two scientific and one literary, which embrace all the
subjects of the secondary instruction of the State colleges. The first sci-
entific examination embraces questions in logic, metaphysics, arithmetic,
algebra, and geometry; the second, questions in ethics, and physical sci-
ence, which are drawn by lot from the prescribed programmes, and an-
swered orally.
The literary examination is written and oral. The written
consists of a Latin and an Italian composition, on two themes drawn by lot
from six, which have been proposed by the president of the faculty.
For each of these compositions three hours are allowed to the pupils, and
in this time they must write their exercises under the inspection of an
assistant, and without aid of any books, except the dictionaries. The
oral examination lasts one hour, and is on the compositions and on ques-
tions suggested by them, on the interpretation of Latin and Italian writ-
ers, and on questions on history, according to the programme. The
oral examinations are made with open doors, and the public can attend
them. These examinations take place twice during the year; viz.: forty
days before the closing of the university, and in the day after its open-
ing, for the succeeding twenty days. The programmes of the examina-
tions are in their substance the same as of the instruction, but are so ar-
ranged as to embrace it in twenty-five numbers, each of which compre-
hends many questions. These programmes are upon the following sub-
jects: 1, logic and metaphysics; 2, ethics; 3, arithmetic, algebra, and
geometry; 4, physical science; 5, ancient history; 6, modern history;
7, geography.

The Latin authors studied in the Secondary Schools, and on which an examination is held for the degree of Magistero are,—

1. Cato-De Re Rustica. 2. Cicero-Orationes Selecta. 3. Cicero-Quæstiones Academicæ et Tusculana. 4. Cicero-De Natura Deorum. 5. Cicero-De Legibus et de Republica. 6. Sallustius-Bellum Catilinarium. 7. Sallustius-Bellum Jugurthinum. 8. Livius-Historiarum, lib. 1, No. 3. 9. Livius-Ex aliis Historiarum libris. 10. Tacitus-Annales, lib. 1. Historia, lib. 1. 11. Tacitus-Agricola. Germania. 12. Plinius Secundus-Epistolae. 13. Plautus-Trimummus,lib. 2. 14. Terentius-Excerpta. 15. Lucretius-De Rerum Natura. 16. Catullus-Excerpta. 17. Tibullus, et Propertius-Excerpta. 18. Virgilius-Bucolica-Georgica. 19. Virgilius-Æneidos, 6-12. 20. Virgilius-Eneidos, I-6. 21. Horatius-Carmina. 22. Horatius-Epodon-Satira. 23. Horatius--Epistola de Arte Poetica. 24. Ovidius-Metamorphoson, 1-3. 25. Ovidius-Excerpta, Heroidum-Fastorum-Tristium ex Ponto.

The Italian writers are:

1. Dino Compagni-Cronaca Fiorentina. 2. G. Boccaccio-Decamerone, Vita di Dante, Fiammetta, and Filocopo. 3. A. Pandolfini-Del buon governo della famiglia. 4. N. Machiavelli-Storie Fiorentine, Discorsi sulla prima Deca. 5. P. Bembo-Lettere, Storie Veneziane. 6. F. Guicciardini-Storia d'Italia. 7. A. Firenzuola-Narrazioni tratte dalle sue opere. 8. A. Caro. Lettere. 9. Della Casa. 10. G. Galilei-Opere. 11. F. Redi-Lettre. 12. P. Segneri-Descrizioni e Narrazioni. 13, 14, 15. Dante Alighieri-Divina Commedia. 16. F. Petrarca-Sonetti, Canzoni Trionfo della Morte. 17. A. Poliziano-Poesie Liriche, Orfeo, Stanze. 18. L. Ariosto-Orlando Furioso. 19. F. Berni-Orlando Innamorato. 20. F. Tasso-Gerusalemme iberata. 21. G

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Chiabrera-Canzoni; A. Guidi-La Fortuna. 22. G. Gozzi-Sermoni; G. PariniLiriche, Giorni. 23. V. Alfieri-Saul, Polinice, Oreste. 24. U. Foscolo-I Sepolcri. 25. V. Monti-La bellezza dell'Universo. Liriche.

III. SUPERIOR INSTRUCTION.

UNIVERSITIES.-There are in the Kingdom four universities; in Turin, Genoa, Cagliari and Sassari, the two latter in the island of Sardinia. We shall speak only of the university of Turin, that being the most complete in its organization, the highest in scope of instruction, the most important institution of the country, and the model of all the others. Indeed the university of Turin may claim a prominent place among the institutions of Europe, and in Italy takes rank with those of Pavia, Padua, Pisa, and Bologna.

The university of Turin was founded in 1405 by Louis of Savoy, Prince of Piedmont. In 1412 it obtained its rights and privileges from the Emperor Sigismond, and in 1424 Amedeus VIII. organized a Council of direction of the university, composed of the governor-general, and three other members, who were called Reformers, (Riformatori.) Some years after it was transferred to Chieri, on account of the wars of that time; then again, from Chieri to Savigliano, and in 1436 restored to Turin. Emmanuel Philibert in 1516 gave new life to the institution, reformed the council of direction, and established separate faculties. Still further improvements were made by Victor Amedeus II. to whom Piedmont owes in no small degree its present welfare and strength. He built the magnificent palace of the university, called to it the illustrious professors from other parts of Italy, from France and other countries, founded the college of the provinces for the support and education of poor and talented pupils, and established the botanic garden. Charles Emmanuel III. was not less eager in promoting the prosperity of the institution, promulgating a code of academic laws, which, for its time, was the most complete in Europe; and which was modified and improved by Charles Albert, who created many chairs, built the magnificent new anatomic theater, enriched the botanic garden and museums, and founded a new era of national independence, freedom, and of scientific glory in the annals of public instruction in Sardinia. His son, the present king Victor Emmanuel II. has shown himself a worthy successor of the founder of the free institutions of the country, by placing Sardinia at the head of the national party of Italy, sustaining before European diplomacy the rights and the independence of the nation, emancipating the country from the relics of ancient despotism, and maintaining with religious affection the political constitution of the country, and improving in every way the material as well as the educational condition of the people; and especially in increasing the splendor and raising the standing of the university of the capital of his kingdom.

Many celebrated scholars have from the beginning given honor to its name, among whom we may mention CARA, who lived in the 15th century, a lawyer, as well as a Latin scholar of great celebrity, who attracted to his lectures distinguished audiences, not only from every part of

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Italy, but even from France, Spain, and Germany. In the 16th century CUJACIUS, that miracle of legal erudition, left Toulouse, his native country, and repaired to this university. In the same century and in the same institution, Argentieri taught medical science, and Benedetti mathematical astronomy. THESAURO in the 17th century was celebrated among Latin scholars; in the 18th, the university could boast of a GERDIL in moral philosophy, of ALCASIO and BoNo in jurisprudence, of CIGNA in anatomy and physiology, of BERTRANDI, BRUGNONE and PENCHIENATI in Sur. gery, of DONATI, the botanist, who by his extensive travels in Asia, enriched the garden of the university with many precious treasures; of ALLIONI, who proposed a new classification of the vegetable kingdom, of MICHELLOTTI, celebrated in hydraulics, and of BECCARIA who divided with Franklin the laurels of the discoveries of electricity. In the present century, BARDI acquired an European fame for his high attainments in Hebrew literature and in sacred history; ALARDI, GRIDIS, and BESSONE were celebrated in jurisprudence; GIULIO discovered muscles in plants; RoLANDO developed a new theory of the structure of the brain; BALBI followed with devoted zeal the study of botany; VASSALLI EANDI showed himself a worthy pupil of Beccaria; BONELLI and BORSON enriched the zoologic and mineralogic museums; BONVICINO and GIOBERT acquired great reputation in chemistry, and BIDONE in mathematics; finally the names of LAGRANGE, Alfieri, BERARDI, CHARLES BOTTA, GIOBERTI, CESAR BALBO, SCIOLLA, TARDITI, BOUCHERON, &c., who either received their scientific education at the university, or presided over some branches of its instruction, would be sufficient to raise that institution to an equal standing with the most celebrated universities of Europe. We do not speak of the living professors, among whom are many names of great repute, in theology, jurisprudence, medical and surgical science, philosophy and letters, physics and mathematics.

The palace of the university built in 1714, according to the design of RICCA, stands on the widest and most beautiful thoroughfare of the city, the great street of the Po, which is adorned on both sides with wide and lofty arcades, ending at each extremity with a wide square, looking on one side toward the old castle, which stands alone in the middle of its square, and on the other to the picturesque hills, which overlook the city. The palace has within a court surrounded by arcades, divided by columns which support above another gallery of the same style, as the arcades below. In the walls of these are many Roman inscriptions, statues, and bas-reliefs, discovered in Piedmont, and which have been described by Scipione Maffei and other celebrated antiquaries. On the arcades above are a marble group representing fame chaining time, and four urns representing the seasons, which were presented to the university by Victor Emmanuel I. The imposing staircase is adorned with marble vases, and ornamented with sculpturing. All the interior of the University is grand and magnificent, and admirably fitted for its objects.

The University consists of five faculties,-THEOLOGY, JURISPRUDENCE, MEDICINE AND SURGERY, BELLES-LETTRES AND PHILOSOPHY, PHYSICAL AND

MATHEMATICAL SCIENCES. Each faculty is composed of the professors, and of the Collegiate Doctors, and it is represented by a Council which is formed of the president of the faculty, of three professors, and of two doctors, all of whom are elected by ballot, by the members of the faculty itself. The faculty of belles-lettres and philosophy is divided into two classes, one of belles-lettres and one of philosophy. The faculty of physical and mathematical sciences is also divided into two classes, of phyical and mathematic science.

The Councils of the faculties have the immediate direction of the instruction, which belongs to each of them : over these presided until lately a Council of the university, to which the general administration and direction of the institution belonged. This council was composed of eight members; the president was appointed by the government, of the other seven counselors, five were elected from five lists; each of three professors, which were made by ballot by each faculty, and the two others were selected by the government, among the most distinguished men either in the scientific or literary department. This council was entrusted with the execution of the scholastic laws and with the direction and advancement of the instruction of the university. A new law relating to the administration of public instruction, which was a few months ago adopted by the Parliament, modified this organization, and we shall speak of it hereafter. There is also a rector of the university appointed from among the professors by the government, for a term of three years.

The faculties have a determined number of collegiate doctorships, and when one of these is vacant, an examination is opened in order to fill it. Doctors who received the diploma of the faculty can alone present themselves to this examination, but not before two years of doctorship. The examination consists of a written dissertation upon a subject drawn by lot, and of a public extemporary lecture; the candidate who in the contest, receives the approbation of the faculty, before being declared a collegiate doctor, is obliged to sustain a satisfactory public discussion on some of his positions, which he is required to publish as an exposition of the particular science. The collegiate doctors are, in connection with the professors, the examiners of the candidates for the memberships of the colleges, as well as of the students who apply for the diploma of their faculty. They are also the members of the committees appointed for the examination of students applying for admission to the university.

The professors are appointed by the government, after being proposed by the supreme council of instruction; as a general rule they are chosen among the collegiate doctors, though in some exceptional cases men of high scientific reputation, who do not belong to the university, may receive the appointment.

The colleges of the faculties at present contain as follows: 1st, College of theology, twenty-four doctors; 2d, of jurisprudence, twenty-two; 3d, of medicine and surgery, twenty-nine; 4th, of belles-lettres and philosophy, a, class of belles-lettres, ten, b, class of philosophy, seven; 5th,