A WEEKLY JOURNAL OF PRACTICAL INFORMATION, ART, SCIENCE, MECHANICS, CHEMISTRY, AND MANUFACTURES. Although the apparent displacement of the plane of vibration of the pendulum had long been noticed, it was not until the year 1852 that the fact was coupled with the diurnal rotation of the earth. In September of that year M. Foucault, a distinguished French physicist, suspended a ball, by means of a fine wire, from the dome of the Pantheon at Paris, and for the first time in the history of the world made visible the rotation of the earth. The pendulum thus formed, after receiving an impulse, vibrated for many hours, and preserved its plane of vibration while the earth slowly turned under it. This splendid experiment was subsequently repeated at the Capitol at Washington, and at other places, and is now about to be again performed in Paris. Soon after the pendulum experiment, Foucault, to illustrate the same thing, constructed a gyroscope which was a modification of Bohnenberger's machine. This gyroscope received a rotating impulse from the hand of the operator, and the momentum of the disk was depended on to continue the rotation for a sufficient length of time to exhibit the movement of the earth. Recognizing the desirability of a more practicable means the insulated stud into a mercury cup in the center of the In the first engraving (which represents the machine arranged for the purpose named) the rectangular frame which contains the wheel is supported by a fine and very hard steel point, which rests upon an agate step in the bottom of a small iron cup at the end of the arm that is supported by the standard. The wheel spindle turns on carefully made steel points, and upon it are placed two cams-one at each end-which operate the current-breaking springs. The horizontal sides of the frame are of brass, and the vertical sides are iron. To the vertical sides are attached the cores of the electro-magnets. There are two helices and two cores on each side of the wheel, and the wheel has attached to it two armatures-one on each side-which are arranged at right angles to each other. The two magnets are oppositely arranged in respect to polarity, to render the instrument astatic. An insulated stud projects from the middle of the lower end of the frame to receive an index that extends nearly to The duration of the rotary movement thus produced must the periphery of the circular base piece and moves over a have been short, and the result unsatisfactory. graduated semi-circular scale. An iron point projects from base piece, and is in electrical communication with the platinum pointed screws of the current breakers. The currentbreaking springs are connected with the terminals of the magnet wires, and the magnets are in electrical communication with the wheel supporting frame. One of the binding posts is connected by a wire with the mercury in the cup, and the other is connected with the standard. A drop of mercury is placed in the cup that contains the agate step to form an electrical connection between the iron cup and the pointed screw. The instrument is covered with a glass shade to exclude air currents, and the base piece is provided with leveling screws. The current breaker is contrived to make and break the current at the proper instant, so that the full effect of the magnets is realized, and when the binding posts are connected with four or six Bunsen cells the wheel rotates at a high velocity. The wheel will maintain its plane of rotation, and when it is brought into the plane of the meridian the index will appear to move slowly over the scale in a direction contrary to the earth's rotation, but in reality the earth and the scale with it move from west to east, while the index remains stationary, or nearly so. [Continued on page 4.]: Scientific American. ESTABLISHED 1845. MUNN & CO., Editors and Proprietors. PUBLISHED WEEKLY AT NO. 37 PARK ROW, NEW YORK. THE ELEVATED RAILROAD NUISANCE. The steam elevated railroads in this city are amply fulfilling the predictions of those who, like ourselves, have maintained that they were not suited to the needs of rapid transit here, and would, in all probability, be found an oppressive nuisance. On both lines accidents have recently occurred with alarming frequency. Two persons have been killed falling from the Metropolitan structure within the last few days. A workman had his head nearly cut off by a locomotive while painting the iron work. Sparks falling from a furnace have set fire in one case to bales of cotton, and in others to awnings in the street below, and several persons have been struck and injured by objects falling from the track. On the thoroughfares below there have been numerous runaways, and one person was seriously injured while riding on a street car through his leaning out and Single copies of any desired number of the SUPPLEMENT sent to one striking one of the supporting pillars of the road above. On O. D. MUNN. A. E. BEACH. address on receipt of 10 cents. Remit by postal order. Address Studying carefully the reports of boiler tests, and with some experience in such matters themselves, Messrs. Whelpley & Storer formed a theory respecting the causes of many of the discrepancies which were found in the services of boilers, and instituted a series of experiments to demonstrate its correctness. Though conducted on a small scale the experiments were made with great care, and were repeated and continued through several weeks. Thirteen pieces of boiler plate, of uniform thickness and a foot square, were obtained from manufacturers and boiler makers. Three of these were of Siemens-Martin steel and the others of iron. A raised ring of tin, 10 inches in diameter, was soldered to one face of each plate, forming a receptacle for a measured quantity of water. Each plate, holding water of ascertained quantity and the New York Elevated line a terrible disaster, which would temperature, was then, in turn, placed over the carefully have involved the precipitation of a whole train filled with adjusted flame of an oil stove, and the time of evaporation passengers upon the sidewalk beneath, was so narrowly es- noted. caped that the public will feel a natural trepidation in pass- As constant a temperature as possible was maintained ing over such portions of the aerial lines as are not provided throughout the experiment, and registered by a high grade with guard fences. Some mischievous boys, taking advan- thermometer, with bulb secured just under the lower surwill be sent for one year, postage tree, on receipt of seven dollars. Both tage of the ladders formed by the lattice-work pillars, face of the plate. MUNN & CO., 37 Park Row, New York. The safest way to remit is by draft, postal order, or registered letter. Scientific American Export Edition. "The SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN Export Edition is a large and splendid peri- climbed up to the track and placed heavy paving stones on the rails. The train was greatly shaken, but fortunately the guard rails kept it on the track and prevented its destruction. This is only the beginning of a probably long chapter of serious disasters, and it is suggestive to remember that the line on which nearly all have occurred is less than five miles long, and has been in operation but three weeks. How many people the elevated railroad companies propose to kill lation in all commercial places throughout the world. Address MUNN & or injure daily after their whole forty miles of road is in operation, the long-suffering citizens of this metropolis will discover in course of time. This, moreover, is but one class of the nuisances chargeable to the elevated system. Many of the most determined adherents of the Metropolitan road, while it was still in embryo, now are loud in their denunciations of the annoyances to which it subjects them. Nothing whatever has been done 6 to reduce the deafening racket of the trains as they thunder 12 over the resounding iron bridge, every sound-vibration of VOL. XXXIX., No. 1. [NEW SERIES.] Thirty-third Year. Contents. (Illustrated articles are marked with an asterisk.) Aniline dyes, fixing [3]. Arctic expedition, Eothen.. Astronomical notes. Belting, cement for [7] Billiard balls, coloring [4]. Blacking [10].. Boomerang projectiles.. Car Coupling, Patteson's Car wheel, self-oiling Defying the burglars. Electric light, new.... Electricity, transmitting power.. Figures which seem untruthful. Flour, packing [8] Freight time, quick Gas, effect of, on cotton goods. Horn, melting [12]. 7 12 All possible precautions were taken to secure like conditions in each case and to eliminate all causes of error. In the first instance, each plate was tested in the condition in which it was received, then with the under surface brightened, and then blackened with lamp-black. The mean of the results established that the Siemens-Martin steel possessed a heat-transmitting power-determined by evaporation of water at the pressure of the atmosphere— about 25 per cent higher than the mean of the iron plates; that the evaporation of the poorest steel plate was about 15 per cent higher than that of the best iron, and that the best plate of steel evaporated 40 per cent more water in a given time and under like conditions than the poorest of the iron. The qualities of the steel plates were very nearly alike, while in the iron plates there were great variations in quality. The cause of these differences was now sought by analyses of the plates, and Messrs. Whelpley & Storer held that absolute proof of the correctness of their theory was thereby established, to wit: that the presence or absence of non-con 6 with throwing sparks, carbonic acid gas, and smoke into ducting substances-cinder, oxides of iron, and other im 5 Nuisance, a great public. 8 Palace car, a dry goods 8 Paper making, fast. 8 Paste, non-souring [14] 12 5 Patents, English to Americans. 12 11 Patent matters in Congress. 3 Positives, whitening 6 Quicksands, preventing [1]. 12 Shad hatching. ........ 2 Shellac varnish [6]. 4 Ship's log, the Hotchkiss. Ship designs 8 Sludge acid, a defense of 12 Spots, removing from cloths 11 6 Telephonic researches, Edison's 6 Telephone, the, at sea.. 12 Torpedo, Whitehead* 5 7 windows, necessarily kept open during the hot weather, the purities-determines the heat-transmitting power, and concompanies supply a detestable grade of coal especially rich sequently, in a great measure, the relative values of iron and steel for boilers. in sulphur, and the result is that the unfortunate dwellers along the route, as well as the passengers, are nauseated by 12 the stenches of sulphureted hydrogen. It is like putting a 8 3 8 The management of the new line are profuse in promises of what is going to be done, and the urgent necessity for 10 improvement begets the strong hope that their efforts will amount to something more than empty words. At the present time cars are run not nearly approaching sufficiency in numbers to accommodate the travel. And they are packed so full that the trip from terminus to terminus, about four and a half miles, frequently occupies, including stops, forty minutes. This is practically no improvement on the horse Grease, removal from sinks [9].. 12 Turkish bath, the 8 Indicator, electrical 1 U. S. Building, Paris Exposition. Industries, progress of Western. 2 Water power, increasing. Industries, starting new. Whaling industry, decline of.. 3 Inventions, new.. 11 Wheat farm, Californian Inventions, new agricultural Wrench, improved* TABLE OF CONTENTS OF THE SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN SUPPLEMENT No. 181, For the Week ending July 6, 1878. 1. ENGINEERING AND MECHANICS.-A Military Railway. Boats Rigs. 9 figures. Fore and Mizzen Lug Sails. Sprit Salls. cars. The steels, owing to their mode of manufacture—the cinder separating from the molten metal-were practically free from non-conducting substances, while the irons, from which all such impurities cannot be eliminated in the process of manufacture, varied in their values according to the percentage of cinder and other foreign matters remaining in them. Of the irons the charcoal iron stood highest. These novel experiments appear to demonstrate that, in conjunction with superior safety, great saving in fuel may also be assured by the use of steel for steam generators—a saving so considerable that it would soon offset the difference of cost between steel and iron. The only remedy for all these dangers and nuisances is to PROGRESS OF OUR WESTERN INDUSTRIES. sink the tracks. This had to be done, and public opinion The manufacturing interests of the West are remarkable compelled it, on the Fourth avenue surface road, and the in many respects, not the least remarkable being their present underground line is a grand success. The Metro- rapid development and their dependence on patented invenpolitan road can put its iron tunnel under ground as well as tions. A few years ago it was thought that the fertile States above it. The present girders which support the rails can north of the Ohio and the Missouri were a paradise for farmserve as the roof, and the track can be laid on the bottom of ers, but never could be other than agricultural in characthe cut. As matters stand now, the citizens of New York ter. Even yet there are few persons who do not receive are receiving sparks, dirt, stenches, a deafening racket, dark, with surprise and incredulity any reference to that region as damp and obstructed streets, depreciated property, danger one pre-eminent for its manufacturing industries, notwithof trains leaving the track, and danger from runaway horses standing the fact discovered by the census of 1870, that at III. FRENCH INTERNATIONAL EXPOSITION OF 1878.-Tank Loco- below, in return for valuable franchises for which not a cent that time the manufactured products of Ohio, Indiana, Illimotive, Paris and Orleans Railway. Dimensions and 1 illustration. Swiss Tramway Locomotive. 1 engraving, with dimensions and on-is paid, too high rates of fare, and for the privilege of being nois, Missouri, Iowa, Minnesota, and Wisconsin exceeded scription. New Portable Winding Engine. 1 figure, with description. 100 H. P. Horizontal Condensing Engine. 3 figures to scale, with de- packed in cars like cattle and slowly transported over a the agricultural products of those States by $76,000,000 a scription. limited portion of the city. year. Since then the manufacturing interests of the West have increased with a rapidity positively amazing; and unlike the great factories of the East, very few Western establishments are engaged on standard products made by time worn processes. In almost every case they are based on recent patents. V. ELECTRICITY, LIGHT, HEAT, ETC-The Magneto-electric Light. The relative advantages of steel and iron for boilers have By CAPTAIN W. DE W. ABNEY, F.R.S. Experiments to ascertain been the subject of much discussion and experiment, by the relation between the horse power expended, the light produced, and the number of revolutions of the armature, with observations of which the superiority of the former, in respect to strength Electro-harmonic Telegraphy. A paper read before the American and durability and the advantage in weight, has been clearly As an illustration of Western growth, take the city of Vibration in all Solids. Undulations of Matter. Waves of Condensa- established; but its claims to superior economy do not seem Springfield, Ohio, to which the Graphic of June 10 gives a dulations. Automatic Tracing or Registering of Vibrations on Paper. to have been so convincingly advocated as to induce its sub-double page of illustrations. Fifteen years ago it was simply 7 figures. Jablochkoff's Method of Electric Lighting. Several Illuminators supplied from one source. 3 figures. New Arrangement for stitution, in any considerable degree, for iron. a pleasant inland town without any specially promising asTelephones, By Bow Pipes and R. R. Rails. Most of the users of boilers are ready to admit that the pect. To-day it is one of the handsomest cities in the State, steel boiler is more durable and less liable to fracture and with a multitude of manufacturing establishments, turning VI. NATURAL HISTORY, GEOLOGY, ETC.-The Canons of the Colorado. From the Report of J. W. Powell, Geologist in charge of the explosion because of the homogeneity of the metal, but they out products to the amount of $10,000,000 a year. These survey of the Territories. The Grand Canon, the Kaibab Fault, the Uinkaret Mountains, and other wonderful formations, and the agencies are not sufficiently assured that these advantages offset its varied interests the Graphic reporter finds in a highly prosperous condition. "Neither the business men nor the man Hearing by the Teeth. Telegraphy by Gas and Water to which they owe their existence. Surface corrosion in moist and in American Archæology. Proposed illustrated work on American change, and especially to the spending of time and money aboriginal quarries and salt works, caches, workshops, etc. Ancient The hard times, too, intensify their disinclination to any ufacturers wear long faces. Their wares find sale in every part of the United States, and the Champion City' is well known as one of the leading manufacturing points in the West, and as having played an important part in securing for Ohio her enviable reputation throughout the world as Knowing that suggestions which may result in greater the home of inventive genius and skilled mechanical labor." Forest Tree Borers. By MARY E. MURTFELDT. The wood-boring safety to life and property, or to economy of manufacture, The leading industry of Springfield is grouped around the long horn or Capricorn beetles. Insects destructive to hickory, walnut, are of especial value now, and therefore pretty sure to be champion reaper and mower, to the production of which a oak, elm, beech, prickly ash, pine. The twig-girdler. How Nature checks the ravages of wood-boring insects. Parasitism. Flies, birds, well received, we call attention to certain experiments that capital of $7,000,000 is devoted, giving employment to thouwere made not long since, to determine the heat-transmitting sands of men, requiring five mammoth manufactories to do powers of iron and steel boiler plates, feeling certain that the work, and all taxed to the utmost to meet the demands our doing so will induce thorough investigation into the of their customers. In addition the Graphic enumerates Price 10 cents. To be hal at this office and of all newsdealers. matter on the part of the manufacturers of each kind of plate. I nearly a hundred manufacturing establishments, some beetles. The bark borers. The wood weevils. The saw-horn. The and other exterminators. Protection of trees about dwellings.-The Fire Bush. VII. CHESS RECORD.-Biographical Sketch and Portrait, with one Problem, of G. N. Cheney, Syracuse, N. Y.-Rousseau as a Chess Player.Frank Leslie's Problem Tournament of 1858.-Letter Problem.-Problem by J. H. Morrison. twenty or more of which employ capitals ranging from $100,000 to $1,200,000. A wide range of products are turned out, including agricultural machinery and implements, steam boilers and engines, turbine wheels, burial cases, household and other furniture, carriages, malt liquors, iron railings, bread stuffs, cut stone, oils, soap, brick, sewing machines, gray iron castings, wind engines, tin, copper, and sheet iron ware, galvanized iron, pumps, wringers, churns, etc. THE DECLINE OF THE WHALING INDUSTRY. It has been often said that if whaling could profitably be followed in the highest Arctic regions, the attainment of the Pole would be an almost immediate consequence. Both North and South, whale fishermen have been the pioneers, and exploring expeditions have followed them, and it is not one of the least sources of regret, now that the whaling industry of this country has declined to meager dimensions, that these bravest of seamen will no longer open the way through uncharted seas, or make known to civilization the remotest quarters of the globe. For the year 1876 the total value of the importation of oil and bone amounted to but $2,639,463. This is the lowest recorded total since 1829, and it is about one fourth of that for the year 1854. In 1845, 731 vessels, aggregating 233,149 tons, were employed in the trade. In 1876 there were but 172 vessels, and the total tonnage was 37,828 tons. SCIENTIFIC AMERICAN EXPORT EDITION FOR JUNE.KAY HUNT A Recent Ship Designs. Figures which Seem Untruthful, Elaborate tables of the commerce of the world recently published put down the annual imports into all ports by all nations at $7,251,000,000. At the same time the exports from all ports of all nations are stated at $6,448,000,000, or It will at first sight be considered remarkable that so profTHE EOTHEN ARCTIC EXPEDITION. itable an industry should have met with a decline which is The schooner Eöthen sailed from New York on June 19 amounting to a virtual abandonment. The "History of the with an exploring party on board, which proposes to make a Whale Fishery," by Mr. Alexander Starbuck, which we find protracted search in the Arctic regions for the relics of Sir embodied in the recent report of the United States Commis- John Franklin and his expedition. The party is under comsioner of Fish and Fisheries, gives a large number of in- mand of Lieutenant Schwalka, U. S. A., and numbers in all stances where the voyages of whaling vessels have been at- seven persons, including the guide, Esquimaux Joe. Interest tended with colossal profits. The most extraordinary voy-in Sir John Franklin's fate has been revived of late by reports age ever made is stated to be that of the Envoy of New that an unvisited tribe of Esquimaux has relics of those a deficit of $803,000,000 less going out of all ports than is Bedford, which sailed in 1848. This vessel returned from a of his crew who were the last to perish. The present expedicruise and was condemned as worthless, but her owner decided to fit her up for another trip at a cost of $8,000. The result of the voyage was a profit of $133,450. The Pioneer of New London, worth with her outfit $35,800, sailed in June, 1864, and returned in September, 1865, with oil and bone worth $150,000. On the other hand, there have been many enormously heavy losses, such as those accruing from the beleaguering of whole fleets in the ice of the Arctic regions in 1871 and 1876. Yet when all the advantages of the whale fishery are summed up, the exploration of unknown regions, the education of a skilled and hardy race of seamen, the support of the sperm candle industry, besides the profits we have indicated, it will appear that the benefits gained were large, and that the decline of the trade may be viewed as a loss in more ways than one. Still, when the causes which have led to this result are considered, it will be seen to have been inevitable. The development of the Pennsylvania coal oil resources, occurring at a time when the expense of procuring a tion, which has been fitted out by voluntary contributions, PATENT MATTERS IN CONGRESS. The printing of the patent specifications by the Patent Office, which for some time past has been suspended owing to lack of funds, has now been resumed, Congress prior to adjourning having made the requisite appropriation. Further consideration of the amendments to the patent laws proposed in the Wadleigh bill has been postponed until next season. Indeed, all the projects for the amendment of the law were suspended, and no changes have been made. coming in at all ports. In these tables England and Germany are put down as importing nearly $1,000,000,000 annually more than they export. Asia exports $100,000,000 more than she imports, and the United States export $200,000,000 annually more than they import. Now the question is, Where is this deficit? Is it to be accounted for in the bills of exchange sent out to pay for imports? In this way England would needs send out bills of exchange of nearly $1,000,000,000 more than her exports each year to meet her imports, but really the balance is the other way, England receiving still more than her difference of imports and exports in interest on money than other nations. But if so much is shown by customs records to come into port, why not show where it comes from? If America sends England a certain amount of goods, should not our record of exports to England and England's record of imports from America tally? If there is a less exact record kept of ex4ports because they pay no duty than of imports paying duty, then what is the value of statistics? Is America exporting two or three hundred millions more than she has credit for? Is some other nation doing the same? Will Mr. Young please overhaul these statistical facts and tell us how it is? whale oil was yearly increasing, proved the most powerful Dr. Fleming, of Glasgow, has presented to the British TRANSMITTING POWER BY ELECTRICITY. The Hotchkiss Ship's Log. Medical Association an account of some experiments by the author upon himself, with a view to ascertain the effect of the Turkish bath, at the temperatures of from 130° to 170° Fah., upon the weight, temperature, pulse, respiration and secretions. The results showed that the immersion of the body in hot, dry air produced loss of weight to an extent Lieutenant D. G. McRitchie, commanding the United considerably greater than normal, amounting, on the average, States steamer Tallapoosa, has recently made a report to the to the rate of about forty ounces an hour. This was ac- Navy Department relative to two taffrail logs, respectively companied by an increase in the temperature of the body and of English and American invention. He says, after a thora rise in the pulse rate, with at first a fall and then a rise in ough test of the American log, invented by Captain Truman the rapidity of respiration. The amount of solids secreted Hotchkiss, of Stratford, Conn., he finds that it cannot be The Société du Val d'Osne has an electro-plating estab- by the kidneys was increased, and, coincidently, the amount fouled with gulf weed or sedge, and that the dial hands canlishment in Paris, where a process of coppering cast iron is of urea. The sweat contained a quantity of solid matter in not be tampered with. He regards it as accurate in regiscarried on. The source of electricity is a Gramme machine, solution, and, among other things, a considerable amount of tering distances. Its peculiarity is that the register is seordinarily run by a special engine at considerable expense urea. The most important effect of the bath, however, was cured on board, while the rotator is alone towed in the and trouble, as it was situated at considerable distance from the stimulation of the emunctory action of the skin. By water. This permits a smaller line to be used than ordithe main motor. M. Cadiat suggested the use of two this means, the tissues could, as it were, be washed by narily, and avoids the frequent breakage of the line and the Gramme machines, one to be connected to the driving shaft passing water through them from within out. The increased loss of the log. The dial can be easily inspected at all of the works, and to produce a current which should set temperature and pulse rate pointed to the necessity of cau- times, even when changing the course of the vessel, without machine No. 2 in motion, and this in turn might drive the tion in the use of the bath when the circulatory system was hauling in; there is consequently little danger of overrunmachine which supplied current for the baths. Motive diseased. ning. The rotator is the only part of the log in danger of power was thus transmitted over a distance about 400 feet loss, and that can be replaced at trifling cost. There is no by means of a single copper wire. The system, says M. liability to having the log disabled or ruined, when crossing Cadiat, in La Nature, has worked perfectly and uniformly shoals, by striking the bottom, or being filled with sand. for two months. The velocity can be easily regulated by interposing resistance in the circuit. If, in the circuit from machine No. 2 to the electro-plating machine, a copper wire 6.4 feet long and 0.06 inch in diameter be inserted, the velocity falls from 750 to 40 turns per minute; with an iron wire 4.8 feet long and 0.32 inch in diameter, the velocity is reduced to 100 turns. As for the power required, the author states that the starting or stoppage of the system is not recognizable by the engineer who controls the driving engine of about 10 horse power, from which power is also taken for a variety of tools. Native Magnesium Salts. Remarkable Locomotive Performances. Starting New Industries. Mr. W. F. Buchanan, Superintendent of Motive Power of cotton in Scotland have moved machinery and hands over here to Long Island and New Jersey and established the manufacture on American soil, preferring to pay taxes rather than duties. The same is true of one of the largest flax thread manufacturers in the world; they have a branch manufactory in New Jersey, employing 500 hands, but compelled to use mostly Canadian, Russian, Irish, and Belgium flax, because American flax growers are too careless of the product. In this connection we might also mention a great number of tool, machinery, and cutlery manufacturers who have established a prosperous business here. The United States Building at the Paris Exposition. The London Building News says: The American fagade We have lately received a small specimen of nearly pure is a plain wooden building of two stories, surmounted by an magnesium sulphate-epsomite. It is stated that a deposit open belvedere in the center. The effect has been mainly of this salt has lately been brought to light on the Tennessee obtained by paint. The style is a species of Italian, and river near Shell Mound, about twelve miles from Chatta- though not particularly accurate in its details represents The Telephone at Sea. nooga. The deposit is 31 inches thick, but not entirely fairly, we believe, the sort of villa or country house to be The telephone has lately been successfully used in France to clear. Small masses of this substance have heretofore been found by thousands in the outskirts of all the principal communicate between a vessel being towed and one towing. found in both Sevier and Morgan counties (Safford's Rep., towns in the States. Some boldly designed shields in the The wire was carried along one of the hawsers, and circuit 113). A deposit of magnesium sulphate mixed with chlo- centers of the chief panels contain the arms of the "Key- was completed through the copper on the bottoms of the ride has also lately been discovered, according to Dr. Pontz, stone" State, and on a series of shields in the frieze are to ships and the water. Conversation was carried on very on the line of the Union Pacific Railroad, near Omaha. be found the names of all the great manufacturing cities. distinctly. |