principles as Simple Sentences. Let us take a sentence from Mr Morris's "Jason": "And in his hand he bare a mighty bow, No man could bend of those that battle now." This sentence may be drawn up after the following plan : (The single line indicates a preposition; the double line a conjunction or conjunctive pronoun.) 40. The larger number of subordinate sentences there are, and the farther away they stand from the principal sentence, the larger will be the space that the mapping-out will cover. Let us take this sentence from an old Greek writer : "Thou art about, O king! to make war against men who wear leathern trousers, and have all their other garments of leather; who feed not on what they like, but on what they can get from a soil that is sterile and unkindly; who do not indulge in wine, but drink water; who figs, nor anything else that is good to eat." This would be set out in the following way : Thou art about . . . against men ... possess no 41. Sentences may also be pigeon-holed, or placed in marked off spaces or columns, like the following:— "Thro' the black Tartar tents he passed, which stood Of Oxus, where the summer floods o'erflow When the sun melts the snow in high Pamir." 42. There is a kind of Continuous Analysis, which may often-not without benefit-be applied to longer passages, and especially to passages taken from the poets. For example: A "Alas! the meanest herb that scents the gale, The lowliest flower that blossoms in the vale Even where it dies, at spring's sweet call renews To second life its odours and its hues." 1. Alas! an interjection, with no syntactical relation to any word in the sentence. 2. the meanest, attributive or enlargement to 3. 8. the lowliest, attributive or enlargement to 9. 9. flower, Subject to 10. 10. renews, Predicate to 9. B11. odours and hues, Object to 10. 12. at... call, Extension to 10. 13. to.. life, Extension to 10. WORD-BUILDING AND DERIVATION. 1. The primary element-that which is the shortest formof a word is called its root. Thus tal (which means number) is the root of the words tale and tell and till (a box for money). 2. The stem is the root + some modification. Thus love (love) is the stem of lov. 3. It is to the stem that all inflexions are added, and thus to love we add d for the past tense. 4. If to the root we add a suffix, then the word so formed is called a derivative. Thus by adding ling to dar (= dear), we make darling. 5. In general, we add English prefixes and English suffixes to English words; but this is not always the case. Thus we have cottage, where the Latin ending age is added to the English word cot; and covetousness, where the English ending ness is added to the Latin word covetous. Such words are called hybrids. 6. When two words are put together to make one, the one word so made is called a compound. 7. The adding of prefixes or of suffixes to words, or the making one word out of two, is called word-formation. COMPOUND NOUNS. 8. Compound Nouns are formed by the addition of : (i) Noun and Noun, as Bandog (=bond-dog). Bridal (bride-ale). : Brimstone (=burn-stone). Black bird has the accent on black, and is one word. A black'bird need not be a 9. There are in the language a great many compound adjectives, such as heart-whole, sea-sick, etc.; and these are formed in a large number of different ways. Compound adjectives may be formed in the following ways :— (i) Noun + Adjective, as purse-proud, wind-swift, way-weary, seagreen, lily-white. (ii) Noun +Present Participle, as ear-piercing, death-boding, heartrending, spirit-stirring, sea-faring, night-walking, home-keeping. (iii) Noun +Passive Participle, as moth-eaten, worm-eaten, tempesttossed, way-laid, forest-born, copper-fastened, moss-clad, sea-girt. (iv) Adverb + Present Participle, as far-darting, everlasting, highstepping, well-meaning, long-suffering, far-reaching, hard-working. (v) Adverb +Passive Participle, as high-born, "ill-weaved," well-bred, thorough-bred, high-strung, ill-pleased. |