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in the upper part of the neck, but differing slightly from them, according to Warming, in their footstalks being formed by prolongations of large epidermic cells; whereas the papilla within the neck rest on small cells sunk amid the larger ones. These spiral arms form a conspicuous difference between the present genus and Utricularia,

Lastly, there is a bundle of spiral vessels which, running up the lower part of the linear leaf, divides close beneath the utricle. One branch extends up the dorsal and the other up the ventral side of both the utricle and neck. Of these two branches, one enters one spiral arm, and the other branch the other arm.

The utricles contained much débris, or dirty matter, which seemed organic, though no distinct organisms could be recognized. It is, indeed, scarcely possible that any object could enter the small orifice and pass down the long, narrow neck, except a living creature. Within the necks, however, of some specimens, a worm, with retracted horny jaws, the abdomen of some articulate animal, and specks of dirt, probably the remnants of other minute. creatures, were found. Many of the papilla within both the utricles and necks were discolored, as if they had absorbed matter.

From this description it is sufficiently obvious how genlisea secures its prey. Small animals entering the

narrow orifice-but what induces them to enter is not known any more than in the case of Utricularia—would find their egress rendered difficult by the sharp incurved hairs on the lips, and, as soon as they passed some way down the neck, it would be scarcely possible for them to return, owing to the many transverse rows of long, straight, downward-pointing hairs, together with the ridges from which these project. Such creatures would, therefore,

perish either within the neck or utricle; and the quadrifid and bifid papillæ would absorb matter from their decayed remains. The transverse rows of hairs are so numerous that they seem superfluous merely for the sake of preventing the escape of prey, and, as they are thin and delicate, they probably serve as additional absorbents, in the same manner as the flexible bristles on the infolded margins of the leaves of aldrovanda. The spiral arms, no doubt, act as accessory traps. Until fresh leaves are examined, it can not be told whether the line of junction of the spirally-wound lamina is a little open along its whole course or only in parts, but a small creature which forced its way into the tube at any point would be prevented from escaping by the incurved hairs, and would find an open path down the tube into the neck, and so into the utricle. If the creature perished within the spiral arms, its decaying remains would be absorbed and utilized by the bifid papillæ. We thus see that animals are captured by genlisea, not by means of an elastic valve, as with the foregoing species, but by a contrivance resembling an eel-trap, though more complex.

II.

THE ᏢᎪᎡᎢ PLAYED

table Mold

Earthworms,

page 305.

BY WORMS IN THE

HISTORY OF THIS PLANET.

The Forma- WORMS have played a more important part tion of Vege- in the history of the world than most persons through the would at first suppose. In almost all humid Action of countries they are extraordinarily numerous, and for their size possess great muscular power. In many parts of England a weight of more than ten tons (10,516 kilogrammes) of dry earth annually passes through their bodies and is brought to the surface on each acre of land; so that the whole superficial bed of vegetable mold passes through their bodies in the course of every few years. From the collapsing of the old burrows the mold is in constant though slow movement, and the particles composing it are thus rubbed together. By these means fresh surfaces are continually exposed to the action of the carbonic acid in the soil, and of the humus-acids which appear to be still more efficient in the decomposition of rocks. The generation of the humus-acids is probably hastened during the digestion of the many half-decayed leaves which worms consume. Thus the particles of earth, forming the superficial mold, are subjected to conditions eminently favorable for their decomposition and disintegration. More

over, the particles of the softer rocks suffer some amount of mechanical trituration in the muscular gizzards of worms, in which small stones serve as mill-stones.

The finely levigated castings, when brought to the surface in a moist condition, flow during rainy weather down any moderate slope; and the smaller particles are washed far down even a gently inclined surface. Castings when dry often crumble into small pellets, and these are apt to roll down any sloping surface. Where the land is quite level and is covered with herbage, and where the climate is humid so that much dust can not be blown away, it appears at first sight impossible that there should be any appreciable amount of subaërial denudation; but worm-castings are blown, especially while moist and viscid, in one uniform direction by the prevalent winds which are accompanied by rain. By these several means the superficial mold is prevented from accumulating to a great thickness; and a thick bed of mold checks in many ways the disintegration of the underlying rocks and fragments of rock.

The removal of worm-castings by the above means leads to results which are far from insignificant. It has been shown that a layer of earth, 2 of an inch in thickness, is in many places annually brought to the surface per acre; and if a small part of this amount flows, or rolls, or is washed, even for a short distance down every inclined surface, or is repeatedly blown in one direction, a great effect will be produced in the course of ages. It was found by measurements and calculations that on a surface with a mean inclination of 9° 26', 2.4 cubic inches of earth which had been ejected by worms crossed, in the course of a year, a horizontal line one yard in length; so that 240 cubic inches would cross a line a hundred yards in length. This latter amount in a damp state would

weigh eleven and a half pounds. Thus a considerable weight of earth is continually moving down each side of every valley, and will in time reach its bed. Finally, this earth will be transported by the streams flowing in the valleys into the ocean, the great receptacle for all matter denuded from the land. It is known from the amount of sediment annually delivered into the sea by the Mississippi, that its enormous drainage-area must on an average be lowered .00263 of an inch each year; and this would suffice in four and a half million years to lower the whole drainage-area to the level of the sea-shore. So that, if a small fraction of the layer of fine earth, 2 of an inch in thickness, which is annually brought to the surface by worms, is carried away, a great result can not fail to be produced within a period which no geologist considers extremely long.

Page 308.

THEY PRESERVE VALUABLE RUINS.

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Archæologists ought to be grateful to worms, as they protect and preserve for an indefinitely long period every object, not liable to decay, which is dropped on the surface of the land, by burying it beneath their castings. Thus, also, many elegant and curious tesselated pavements and other ancient remains have been preserved; though no doubt the worms have in these cases been largely aided by earth washed and blown from the adjoining land, especially when cultivated. The old tesselated pavements have, however, often suffered by having subsided unequally from being unequally undermined by the worms. Even old massive

walls may be undermined and subside; and no building is in this respect safe, unless the foundations lie six or seven feet beneath the surface, at a depth at which worms

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