2. The study of special regions which are subject to frequent earthquakes to determine as far as possible where future earthquakes are likely to occur.

3. The study of the origins of earthquakes occurring under the neighboring oceans.

4. An organization of commissions to study in the field the effects produced by large earthquakes.

5. The study of proper methods of building in regions subject to earthquakes. This will require experiment.

6. The improvement of instruments for recording earthquakes. 7. Other theoretical studies.

8. The dissemination of information regarding earthquakes by bulletins or otherwise.

EQUIPMENT.

There will be required an office, a laboratory, a photographic room, a work shop, and a special instrument house. The building of this latter house and the general equipment would cost about $6,000.

ORGANIZATION AND ANNUAL EXPENSES.

In the beginning there would be required a director, an assistant, a mechanic, a stenographer, and it would be necessary to purchase books, instruments, and material for the laboratory, etc. It is estimated that $20,000 would equip the laboratory and meet all the expenses for the first year. After that the work will probably expand and the amount applied to equipment for the first year would meet the requirements for extension for some time after.

FINANCES.

The permanent fund of the Institution and the sources from which it was derived are as follows:

Part of residuary legacy of Thomas G. Hodgkins, 1894 –
Deposit from savings of income, 1903__.
Residuary legacy of Thomas G. Hodgkins__.

Total amount of fund in the United States Treasury-.. Registered and guaranteed bonds of the West Shore Railroad Company (par value), part of legacy of Thomas G. Hodgkins_

Total permanent fund_..

2,000.00 500.00

51, 500.00 200,000.00

8,000.00 25,000.00

7,918. 69

944, 918. 69

42, 000. 00

986, 918. 69

The sum of $251.95 was received during the year as the first payment of a bequest of $500 made by the will of Mr. William Jones Rhees, for many years an officer of the Institution. This fund has not been invested.

In addition to the above there are four pieces of real estate bequeathed to the Institution by the late R. S. Avery, some of which yield a nominal rental and all are free from taxation.

That part of the fund deposited in the Treasury of the United States bears interest at 6 per cent per annum, under the provisions of the act organizing the Institution and an act of Congress approved March 12, 1894. The rate of interest on the West Shore Railroad bonds is 4 per cent per annum.

The income of the Institution during the year, amounting to $107,483.68, was derived as follows:

Interest on the permanent Foundation, $58,375.12; contributions from various sources for specific purposes, $43,230.95, and from other miscellaneous sources, $5,877.61; all of which was deposited in the Treasury of the United States to the credit of the current account of the Institution.

With the balance of $32,176.70, on July 1, 1909, the total resources for the fiscal year amounted to $139,660.38. The disbursements, which are given in detail in the annual report of the executive committee, amounted to $104.295.50, leaving a balance of $35,364.88 on deposit June 30, 1910, in the United States Treasury.

The Institution was charged by Congress with the disbursement of the following appropriations for the year ending June 30, 1910:

EXPLORATIONS AND RESEARCHES.

As far as the resources of the Institution and contributions from individuals has permitted, various scientific explorations and researches have been carried on during the past year, and it is gratifying to report that the Institution's activities in these lines have been

somewhat more extended than in previous years. Were ample funds available to be administered under the Smithsonian Institution, the scientific work of the Government might often be supplemented by original researches of a character that could hardly be undertaken by the Government, and which would be of great service to humanity and to science.

Besides operations undertaken by the Institution itself, important biological, ethnological, and astrophysical researches have been carried on under its direction through the National Museum, the Bureau of American Ethnology, and the Astrophysical Observatory, which are discussed elsewhere in this report.

SMITHSONIAN AFRICAN EXPEDITION.

In my last report there was given an account of the setting out of the expedition to Africa in charge of Col. Theodore Roosevelt and of the results accomplished prior to June 30, 1909. This expedition, which was entirely financed from private sources through contributions by friends of the Smithsonian Institution, landed at Mombasa on April 21, 1909, and arrived at Khartoum on March 14, 1910. The collections made by it reached Washington in excellent condition and are now deposited in the National Museum. The series of large and small mammals from East Africa is, collectively, probably more valuable than is to be found in any other museum of the world. The series of birds, reptiles, and plants are also of great importance, and the study of the material representing other groups will furnish interesting results.

Colonel Roosevelt's report on the work of the expedition is as follows:

KHARTOUM, March 15, 1910.

SIR: I have the honor to report that the Smithsonian African expedition, which was intrusted to my charge, has now completed its work. Full reports will be made later by the three naturalists, Messrs. Mearns, Heller, and Loring. I send this preliminary statement to summarize what has been done; the figures given are substantially accurate, but they may have to be changed slightly in the final reports.

We landed in Mombasa on April 21, 1909, and reached Khartoum on March 14, 1910. On landing, we were joined by Messrs. R. J. Cuninghame and Leslie J. Tarlton; the former was with us throughout our entire trip, the latter until we left East Africa, and both worked as zealously and efficiently for the success of the expedition as any other member thereof.

We spent eight months in British East Africa. We collected carefully in various portions of the Athi and Kapiti plains, in the Sotik and around Lake Naivasha. Messrs. Mearns and Loring made a thorough biological survey of Mount Kenia, while the rest of the party skirted its western base, went to and up the Guaso Nyero and later visited the Uasin Gisbu region and both sides of the Rift Valley. Messrs. Kermit Roosevelt and Tarlton went to the Leikipia Plateau and Lake Hannington, and Doctor Mearns and Kermit Roosevelt made

separate trips to the coast region near Mombasa. On December 19 the expedition left East Africa, crossed Uganda and went down the White Nile.

North of Wadelai we stopped and spent over three weeks in the Lado, and from Gondokoro Kermit Roosevelt and I again crossed into the Lado, spending eight or ten days in the neighborhood of Rejaf. In Gondokoro we were met by the steamer which the Sirdar, with great courtesy, had put at our disposal. On the way to Khartoum we made collections in Lake No, and on the Bahr-elGhazal and Barel-Zeraf. We owe our warmest thanks for the generous courtesy shown us and the aid freely given us, not only by the Sirdar, but by all the British officials in East Africa, Uganda, and the Sudan, and by the Belgian officials in the Lado; and this, of course, means that we are also indebted to the home governments of Egypt and Belgium.

On the trip Mr. Heller has prepared 1,020 specimens of mammals, the majority of large sizes; Mr. Loring has prepared 3,163, and Doctor Mearns, 714, a total of 4,897 mammals. Of birds, Doctor Mearns has prepared nearly 3,100; Mr. Loring, 899; and Mr. Heller about 50, a total of about 4,000 birds.

Of reptiles and batrachians, Messrs. Mearns, Loring, and Heller collected about 2,000.

Of fishes, about 500 were collected. Doctor Mearns collected marine fishes near Mombasa and fresh-water fishes elsewhere in British East Africa, and he and Cuninghame collected fishes in the White Nile. This makes in all of vertebrates: Mammals, 4,897; birds, about 4,000; reptiles and batrachians, about 2,000; fishes, about 500; total 11,397.

The invertebrates were collected carefully by Doctor Mearns, with some assistance from Messrs. Cuninghame and Kermit Roosevelt. A few marine shells were collected near Mombasa, and land and fresh-water shells throughout the regions visited, as well as crabs, beetles, millipeda, and other invertebrates.

Several thousand plants were collected throughout the regions visited by Doctor Mearns, who employed and trained for the work a Wunyamvezi named Makangarri, who soon learned how to make very good specimens and turned out an excellent man in every way.

Anthropological materials were gathered by Doctor Mearns, with some assistance from others. A collection was contributed by Major Ross, an American in the government service at Nairobi.

I have the honor to be, very truly, yours,

Hon. CHARLES D. WALCOTT,

Secretary of the Smithsonian Institution.

THEODORE ROOSEVELT.

STUDIES IN CAMBRIAN GEOLOGY AND PALEONTOLOGY.

During the field season of 1909 I continued my investigations in the geology of the Cambrian and pre-Cambrian rocks of the Bow River Valley, Alberta, Canada, and on the west side of the Continental Divide north of the Canadian Pacific Railway in British Columbia.

The first camp was made on the shores of Lake Louise, southwest of Laggan. From this point work was carried forward on the high mountains east, northeast, and southwest of the lake, and side trips. made to the valley of the Ten Peaks and across the Bow Valley in the vicinity of Ptarmigan Lake. Many fine photographs were secured, both of the beautiful scenery and the geological sections, which

are wonderfully well shown above timber line on the higher ridges. and peaks.

The measurements of the Cambrian section were carried down to a massive conglomerate which forms the base of the Cambrian system in this portion of the Rocky Mountains. This discovery led to the study of the pre-Cambrian rocks of the Bow River Valley. These were found to form a series of sandstones and shales some 4,000 feet in thickness, that appear to have been deposited in fresh-water lakes prior to the incursion of the marine waters in which the great bed of conglomerate and the Cambrian rocks above were deposited.

Completing the reconnoissance survey of the Bow River area, camp was moved to the Yoho River Canyon. In the Yoho River Canyon, one of the most picturesque and instructive areas in the great Yoho National Park of Canada, a study was made of the north side of the President Range and numerous pictures taken in that vicinity, also from Burgess Pass, north of Field.

A most interesting discovery of unique Cambrian fossils was made near Burgess Pass. Quite a number of specimens were collected before snow drove the party back to Field. Three days were spent on Mount Stephen at the famous trilobite beds before breaking up camp on September 8.

As opportunity offered during the fall and winter, field notes were written up and studies made of the sections obtained during the summer. As the results of these studies two papers are in press in the Smithsonian Miscellaneous Collections, volume 53: No. 6, "Olenellus and other Genera of the Mesonacidæ," and No. 7, "Pre-Cambrian Rocks of the Bow River Valley, Alberta, Canada." Preliminary studies were also made of the unique crustacean fauna found in the middle Cambrian rocks of Burgess Pass.

GEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS IN THE FAR EAST AND IN NEWFOUNDLAND.

In my last report mention was made of a grant to Prof. Joseph P. Iddings for carrying on geological investigations in the Far East. As one of the results of his work the Institution has received an interesting collection of Manchurian Cambrian fossils, as well as collections of fossils from Japan and Java.

The Institution made a small grant to Prof. Charles Schuchert, of Yale University, to enable him to carry on certain geological studies and to obtain a collection of Cambrian fossils from the west coast of Newfoundland, the south shore of Labrador, and the Strait of Belle Isle; also collections to illustrate the transition fauna between the Cambrian and Ordovician.

STUDY OF AMERICAN MAMMALS.

Through the generosity of a friend of the Institution, Mrs. E. H. Harriman, there has been provided a trust fund yielding an income of