years of manuring, barilla, contrary to its ufual na ture, comes up with a tinge of red; and when burnt fails far fhort of its wonted goodnefs, being bitter, more impregnated with falts than it should be, and raifing a blifter if applied for a few minutes to the tongue. Barilla contains lefs falt than the others; when burnt, it runs into a mass resembling a spongy ftone, with a faint caft of blue.

Gazul, after burning, comes as near barilla in its outward appearance as it does while growing in its vegetable form; but, if broken, the infide is of a deeper and more gloffy blue. Soza and falicor are darker, and almost black within, of a heavier confiftence, with very little or no fign of fponginess.

All these afhes contain a ftrong alkali; but barilla the best and pureft, though not in the greateft quantity. Upon this principle, it is fitteft for making glafs and bleaching linen; the others are used in making foap. Each of them would whiten linen; but all, except barilla, would burn it. A good crop of barilla impoverishes the land to fuch a degree, that it cannot bear good barilla a second time, being quite exhaufted. For this reafon the richer farmers lay manure upon the ground, and let it lie fallow for a feafon; at the end of which it is fown afresh without any danger, as the weeds that have fprung up in the year of reft have carried off all the pernicious effects of the dung. A proper fucceffion of crops is thus fecured by manuring and fallowing the different parts of the farm, each in their turn. The poorer tribe of cultivators cannot pursue the fame method for want of capital; and are therefore under the neceffity of fowing their lands immediately after manuring, which yields them a profit juft fufficient to afford a prefent fcanty fubfiftence, though the quality and price of their barilla be but trifling.

The method ufed in making barilla is the fame as that followed in Britain in burning kelp. The plant as foon as ripe is plucked up and laid in heaps, then fet on fire. The falt juices run out below into an hole made in the ground, where they run into a vitrified lump, which is left about a fortnight to cool. An acre may give about a tun.

BARING OF TREES, in agriculture, the taking away fome of the earth about the roots, that the winter-rain and fnow-water may penetrate farther into the roots. This is frequently practifed in the autumn. BARJOLS, a small populous town of Provence, in France. E. Long. 5. 23. N. Lat. 43. 35.

BARIUM, (anc. geog.) a town of Apulia on the Adriatic; fo called from the founders, who being expelled from the iẞand Bara, built this town. It is now called BARI; fee that article.

BARK, in the anatomy of plants, the exterior part of trees, correfponding to the fkin of an animal. For its organization, texture, &c. fee the article PLANTS.

As animals are furnished with a panniculus adipofus, ufually replete with fat, which invefts and covers all the fleshy parts, and screens them from external

cold; plants are encompaffed with a bark replete with Bark. fatty juices, by means whereof the cold is kept out, and in winter-time the fpicule of ice prevented from fixing and freezing the juices in the veffels: whence it is, that fome forts of trees remain ever-green the year round, by reason their barks contain more oil than can be spent and exhaled by the fun, &c.

The bark has its peculiar difeafes, and is infected with infects peculiar to it.-It appears from the experiments of M. Buffon, that trees flripped of their bark the whole length of their stems, die in about three or four years. But it is very remarkable, that trees thus ftripped in the time of the fap, and fuffered to die, afford timber heavier, more uniformly denfe, ftronger, and fitter for fervice, than if the trees had been cut down in their healthy ftate. Something of a like nature has been observed by Vitruvius and Evelyn.

The ancients wrote their books on bark, especially of the afh and lime-tree, not on the exterior, but on the inner and finer bark called philyra.

There are a great many kinds of barks in ufe in the feveral arts. Some in agriculture, and in tanning leather, as the oak-bark (A); fome in phyfic, as the quinquina or Jefuit's bark, mace, &c.; others in dyeing, as the bark of alder, and walnut-trees; others in spicery, as cinnamon, caffia lignea, &c.; and others for divers ufes, as the bark of the cork-tree, &c.

In the Eaft Indies, they prepare the bark of a certain tree fo as to fpin like hemp. After it has been beat and steeped in water, they extract long threads from it, which are fomething between filk and common thread; being neither fo foft nor fo gloffy as filk, nor fo rough and hard as hemp. They mix filk with it in fome ftuffs; and these are called nillaes, and cherquemolles.

Of the bark of a fpecies of mulberry-tree the Japanese make their paper. See MORUS.

In the island of O-Taheite, the natives make their cloth, which is of three kinds, of the bark of three different trees; the paper-mulberry above-mentioned, the bread-fruit tree, and the cocoa-tree. That made of the mulberry is the finest and whiteft, and worn chiefly by the principal people. It is manufactured in the following manner. When the trees are of a proper fize, they are drawn up, and ftripped of their branches; after which, the roots and tops are cut off: the bark of thefe rods being then flit up longitudinally, is eafily drawn off; and, when a proper quantity has been procured, it is carried down to fome running water, in which it is depofited to foak, and fecured from floating away by heavy ftones: when it is fuppofed to be fufficiently foftened, the women fervants go down to the brook, and, ftripping themselves, fit down in the water, to feparate the inner bark from the green part on the outfide: to do this, they place the under fide upon a flat smooth board, and with a kind of shell fcrape it very carefully, dipping it continually in the water till nothing remains but the fine fibres of the inner coat. Being thus prepared in the afternoon, they are fpread

Bark. fpread out upon plantain leaves in the evening; they are placed in lengths of about 11 or 12 yards, one by the fide of another, till they are about a foot broad, and two or three layers are alfo laid one upon the other care is taken that the cloth fhall be in all parts of an equal thicknefs, fo that if the bark happens to be thinner in any one particular part of one layer than the reft, a piece that is fomewhat thicker is picked out to be laid over in the next. In this flate it remains till the morning, when great part of the water which it contained when it was laid out is either drained off or evaporated, and the feveral fibres adhere together, fo as that the whole may be raised from the ground in one piece. It is then taken away, and laid upon the fmooth fide of a long piece of wood prepared for the purpose, and beaten by the women fervants. The inAtrument ufed for this purpofe is a fquare wooden club, having each of its four fides or faces marked, lengthways, with fmall grooves, or furrows, of different degrees of finerefs; thofe on one fide being of a width and depth fufficient to receive a finall pack-thread, and the others finer in a regular gradation, fo that the laft are not more than equal to fewing filk. They beat it first with the coarfeft fide of this mallet, keeping time like our fmiths; it fpreads very faft under the ftrokes, chiefly however in the breadth, and the grooves in the mallet mark it with the appearance of threads; it is fucceffively beaten with the other fides, laft with the fineft, and is then fit for use. Of this cloth there are feveral forts, of different degrees of fineness, in proportion as it is more or lefs beaten. The other cloth alfo differs in proportion as it is beaten; but they differ from each other in confequence of the different materials of which they are made. The bark of the bread fruit is not taken till the trees are confiderably longer and thicker than those of the mulberry; the procefs afterwards is the fame. Of the bark, too, of a tree which Hibifus, they call poer ou*, they manufacture excellent matting; tiliaceus of both a coarse fort which ferves them to fleep upon, and a finer to wear in wet weather. Of the fame bark they alfo make ropes and lines, from the thickness of an inch to the size of a small pack-thread.

Linnæus.

BARK, or Jefuit's Bark, is a name given by way of eminence to the quinquina, or cinchona. See CIN

CHONA.

BARK, in navigation, a general name given to small fhips; it is however peculiarly appropriated by feamen to those which carry three mafts without a mizen top fail. Our northern mariners, who are trained in the coal-trade, apply this distinction to a broad-fterned ship which carries no ornamental figure on the ftern or prow.

Water-BARKS, are little veffels ufed in Holland for the carriage of fresh water to places where it is wanting, as well as for the fetching fea-water to make falt of. They have a deck, and are filled with water up to

the deck.

BARK-Binding, a diftemper incident to trees; cured by flitting the bark, or cutting along the grain.

BARK-Galling, is when the trees are galled with thorns, &c. It is cured by binding clay on the galled places.

BARK Longue, or Barca Longa, a fmall low fharp, built, but very long, veffel without a deck. It goes with fails and oars, and is very common in Spain.

ftead

BARKHAMSTEAD, or BERHAMSTEAD, a town Barkhams of Hertfordshire in England; formerly of more note than at prefent. It had formerly a ftrong caftle built Barley. by the Normans, but it has been long fince demolished. W. Long. o. 35. N. Lat. 45. 49.

BARKING, a town of Effex in England, feated on the river Roding, not far from the Thames, in a very unwholesome air. It has been chiefly noted for a large monaftery, now in ruins; there being nothing left ftanding but a fmall part of the walls, and a gatehoufe. E. Long. o. 13. N. Lat. 51. 30.

BARKING of Trees, the peeling off the rind or bark. This must be done, in our climate, in the month of May, becaufe at that time the fap of the tree feparates the bark from the wood. It would be very difficult to perform it at any other time of the year, unless the feafon was extremely wet and rainy; for heat and drypefs are a very great hindrance to it.

By the French laws, all dealers are forbid to bark: their wood while growing, on the penalty of 500 livres.. This law was the refult of ignorance; it being now. found, that barking of trees, and letting them die, increafes the ftrength of timber.

BARKLEY, a town of Gloucestershire in England, feated on a branch of the river Severn. It was formerly of fome note for a nunnery, and has still the title of a barony. W. Long. 2. 30. N. Lat. 51. 40.

BARKWAY, a town of Hertfordflrire in England, on the great road from London to York. W. Long. o. 5. Ñ. Lat. 52.

BARLÆUS (Gafpar), profeffor of philofophy at Amfterdam, and one of the beft Latin poets of the 17th century. There was scarce any thing great that happened in the world while he lived, but he made a pompous elegy upon it, when reasons of ftate were no obftacle to it. He was a great defender of Arminius ; and fhowed his abilities in hiftory by his relation of what paffed in Brafil during the government of count Maurice of Naffau, published 1647. He died the year after.

BARLERIA, SNAP-DRAGON: A genus of the angiofpermia order, belonging to the didynamia clafs of plants; and in the natural method ranking under the 40th order, Perfonata. The calyx is quadripartite; two of the ftamina are much lefs than the reft; the capfule is quadrangular, bilocular, bivalved, elastic, and without claws; and the feeds are two. ten fpecies; all natives of the warm parts of America, and therefore require to be kept in a ftove and treated like other tender exotics. They poffefs no great beauty nor any remarkable property; but are kept for the fake of variety.

There are

BARLETTA, a handfome and ftrong town of Italy, in the kingdom of Naples, and in the Terra di Bari, with a bifhop's fee. It is fituated on the gulph. of Venice, in E. Long. 16. 32. N. Lat. 41. 30.

BARLEY, in botany. See HORDEUM; and AGRICULTURE, n° 139,

The principal ufe of barley among us is for making beer; in order to which it is first malted. See the article BEER.

The Spaniards, among whom malt liquors are little known, feed their horfes with barley as we do with oats. In Scotland, barley is a common ingredient in broths; and the confumpt of it for that purpose is.

Barley, very confiderable, barley-broth being a difh as frequent Barlow. there as that of foup in France. Pearl BARLEY, and French BARLEY; barley freed of the hulk by a mill; the diftinction between the two being, that the pearl barley is reduced to the fize of fmall shot, all but the very heart of the grain being ground away.

BARLEY-Water, is a decoction of either of thefe, reputed foft and lubricating, of frequent ufe in phyfic. This well-known decoction is a very useful drink in many diforders; and is recommended, with nitre, by fome authors of reputation, in flow fevers.

BARLEY-Corn is ufed to denote a long measure, containing in length the third part of an inch, and in breadth the eighth. The French carpenters alfo ufe barley-corn, grain d'orge, as equivalent to a line, or the twelfth part of an inch.

BARLEY-Corn (grain d'orge), is also used in building, for a little cavity between the mouldings of joiners work, ferving to feparate or keep them afunder; thus called because made with a kind of plane of the fame

name.

BARLOW (William), bifhop of Chichefter, defcended of an ancient family in Wales, was born in the county of Effex. In his youth he favoured the reformation; and travelled to Germany to be instructed by Luther, and other preachers of the new doctrine. How long he continued a Proteftant is uncertain: but from his letter to king Henry VIII. quoted below, it appears that he wrote feveral books against the church of Rome. However, he was a regular canon in the Auguftine monastery of St Ofith in the county of Ef fex, and ftudied some time at Oxford with the brothers of that order, where he took the degree of doctor in divinity. He was then made prior of the convent at Bisham in Berkshire; and afterwards fucceeded to the feveral priories of Blackmore, Typtree, Lega, Bromhole, and Haverford-weft. On the diffolution of abbeys, he refigned not only with a good grace, but perfuaded feveral other abbots to follow his example. King Henry was fo pleafed with his ready obedience on this occafion, that he fent him, in 1535, on an embaffy to Scotland; in the fame year, made him bifhop of St Afaph; in two months after, tranflated him to the fee of St David's, and in 1547 to that of Bath and Wells. During this time, our good bishop, as appears from the following epiftle to the king, was, or pretended to be, a ftaunch Papiít; it was written in 1533. "Prayse be to God, who of his infynyte goodnefs and mercy ineflymable hath brought me "out of darknefs into light, and from deadly igno"rance into the quick knowledge of the truth. From "the whiche, through the fiend's inftigation and falfe "perfuafion, I have greatly fwerved. In fo much "that I have made certayn bokes, and have foffred "them to be emprinted, as the tretife of the buryall "of the male, &c. In thefe tretifes I perceive and acknowledge myself grievously to have erred, name"ly against the bieffed facrament of the altare; difallowing the maffe and denying purgatory, with "flanderous infamy of the pope and my lord cardinal, "and outrageous raylying against the clergy; which "I have forfaken and utterly renounced-Afks par"don, William Barlow." However, when Edward VI.

N° 41.

came to the crown, he was again a Proteftant; and for Barlow. that reafon, on queen Mary's acceflion, was deprived of his bishoprick, and fent prifoner to the fleet, where he continued fome time. At length he found means to efcape, and immediately joined the other English Proteftants in Germany. When queen Elizabeth afcended the throne, our prelate was raised to the fee of Chichester, and foon after made firft prebendary of the collegiate church of Weftminster. He died in 1568, and was buried in the cathedral at Chichester. He had five daughters, each of which married a bishop. He wrote, 1. The buryal of the male. 2. The climbing up of fryers and religious perfons portred with fi gures. 3. Chriflian homilies. 4. A book upon Cofmography. 5. The godly and pious inftitution of a Chrif tian man, commonly called the bishop's book; and feveral other works. He is faid to be the tranflator of the A.

pocrypha as far as the book of Wisdom. His letters to M. Parker are in manufcript in Corpus Christi college Cambridge, Misc. i. 445.

BARLOW (William), a mathematician and divine, the fon of the bishop of Chichester, was born in Pembrokeshire whilft his father was bishop of St David's. In 1560, he was entered commoner of Baliol college in Oxford; and in 1564, took a degree in arts, which having completed by determination, he left the univerfity and went to fea; but in what capacity is uncertain: however, he acquired confiderable knowledge in the art of navigation. About the year 1573, he entered into orders; and became prebendary of Winchefter, and rector of Eaton near that city. In 1588, he was made prebendary of Litchfield, which he exchanged for the place of treasurer of that church. Some years after, he was made chaplain to prince Henry, the fon of king James I.; and in 1614, archdeacon of Salisbury. He was the firft writer on the nature and properties of the magnet. Barlow died in the year 1625, and was buried in the church at Eafton. His works are, 1. The navigator's fupply, containing many things of principal importance belonging to navigation, and ufe of diverse inftruments framed chiefly for that purpofe. Lond. 1597, 4to. Dedicated to Robert Earl of Effex. 2. Magnetical advertisements, or diverse pertinent obfervations and approved experiments concerning the nature and properties of the loadfione, Lond. 1616,

3. A brief difcovery of the idle animadverfions of Mark Ridley, M. D. upon a treatife entitled Magne tical advertisements. Lond. 1618, 4to.

BARLOW (Thomas), born in 1607, was appointed fellow of Queen's college in Oxford in 1633; and two years after was chofen reader of metaphyfics to the uni. verfity. He was keeper of the Bodleian library, and in 1657 was chofen provoft of Queen's college. After the reftoration of king Charles II. he was nominated one of the commiffioners for reftoring the members unjuftly expelled in 1648. He wrote at that time The cafe of Toleration in matters of Religion, to Mr R. Boyle. In 1675, he was made bishop of Lincoln. After the popifh plot, he published feveral tracts against the Roman-catholic religion; in which he fhows an uncommon extent of learning, and fkill in polemical divinity. Nevertheless, when the Duke of York was proclaimed king, he took all opportunities of expreffing his affection toward him; but after the revolution he as readily

voted

Barmas.

Mr Granger obferves, that "this learned prelate, whom nature defigned for a scholar, and who acted in conformity with the bent of nature, was perhaps as great a master of the learned languages, and of the works of the celebrated authors who have written in those languages, as any man of his age. The greateft part of his writings, of which Mr Wood has given us a catalogue, are against Popery; and his conduct for fome time, like that of other Calvinists, appeared to be in direct oppofition to the church of Rome. But after James afcended the throne, he feemed to approach much nearer to Popery than he ever did before. He fent the king an addrefs of thanks for his declaration for liberty of confcience, and is faid to have written reafons for reading that declaration. His compliances were much the fame after the revolution. His mo deration, to call it by the fofteft name, was very great; indeed fo great as to bring the firmnefs of his character in queftion. But cafuiftry, which was his moft diftinguished talent, not only reconciles feeming contradictions, but has alfo been known to admit contradictions themselves. He was, abftracted from this laxity of principles, a very great and worthy man." died at Buckden, in Huntingdonshire, on the 8th of October 1691, in the 85th year of his age.

BARLOW (Francis), an English painter, was born in Lincolnshire. On his coming to London, he was placed with one Shepherd, a limner; but his genius led him chiefly to drawing of birds, fish, and other animals. There are fix books of animals from his drawings, and he painted fome ceilings with birds for noblemen and gentlemen in the country.-His etchings are numerous; his illuftration of Efop is his greatest work. He died in 1702.-There is fomething pleafing in the compofition and manner of this mafter, though neither is excellent. His drawing too is very indifferent; nor does he characterize any animal juftly. His birds in general are better than his

beafts.

BARM, the fame with yeft. See YEST.-Barm is faid to have been firft ufed by the Celta in the compofition of bread. About the time of Agricola's entrance into Lancashire, a new fort of loaf had been introduced at Rome; which was formed only of water and flour, and much efteemed for its lightnefs: and it was called the water cake from its fimple compofition, and the Parthian roll from its original inventors. But even this was not comparable to the French See Ale. or Spanish bread for its lightness. The ufe of curmi*, and the knowledge of brewing, had acquainted the Celtes with an ingredient for their bread, which was much better calculated to render it light and pleafant, than the leaven, the eggs, the milk, or the wine and honey, of other nations. This was the fpume which arofe on the surface of their curw in fermentation, and which the Welch denominate burm, and we barm. The Celtes of Gaul, of Spain, and most probably therefore of South-Britain, had long ufed it; and their bread was, in confequence of this, fuperior in lightnefs to Pliny, lib. that of any other nation in the world t. See the arxviii. c. 7, ticles BAKING and BREAD.

BARMAS, an Eaft Indian people, who in 1515 VOL. III. Part I.

BARN, in husbandry, a covered place or house, with air-holes in the fides, for laying up any fort of grain, hay, or straw.

St BARNABAS'S DAY, a Chriftian feftival, celebrated on the 11th of June.-St Barnabas was born at Cyprus, and defcended of the tribe of Levi, whofe Jewish anceftors are thought to have retired thither to fecure themfelves from violence during the troublesome times in Judea. His proper name was Jofes; to which, after his converfion to Chriftianity, the apoftles added that of Barnabas, fignifying either the fon of prophecy, or the fun of confolation; the firft refpecting his eminent prophetic gifts, the other his great charity in felling his eftate for the comfort and relief of the poor Chriftians. He was educated at Jerufalem, under the great Jewish doctor Gamaliel; which might probably lay the foundation of that intimate friendship which was afterwards contracted between this apoftle and St Paul. The time of his converfion is uncertain; but he is generally efteemed one of the feventy difciples chofen by our Saviour himself.

At Antioch, St Paul and St Barnabas had a conteft, which ended in their feparation: but what followed it with respect to St Barnabas, is not related in the Acts of the Apoftles. Some fay, he went into Italy, and founded a church at Milan. At Salamis, we are told, he suffered martyrdom; whither fome Jews, being come out of Syria, fet upon him, as he was difputing in the fynagogue, and ftoned him to death. He was buried, by his kinfman Mark, whom he had taken with him, in a cave near that city. The remains of his body are said to have been discovered in the reign of the emperor Zeno, together with a copy of St Matthew's gofpel, written with his own hand, and lying on his breaft.

St BARNABAS's Epiftle, an apocryphal work ascribed to St Barnabas, and frequently cited by St Clement of Alexandria and Origen.—It was firft published in Greek, from a copy of father Hugh Menard a Benedictine monk. An ancient verfion of it was found in a manufcript of the abbey of Coebey, near a thousand years old. Voffius publifhed it, in the year 1656, together with the epiftles of St Ignatius.

St BARNABAS's Gospel, another apocryphal work, afcribed to St Barnabas the apoftle, wherein the hiftory of Jefus Chrift is related in a manner very different from the account given us by the four Evangelifts. The Mahometans have this gofpel in Arabic, and it correfponds very well with those traditions which Mahomet followed in his Koran. It was, probably, a forgery of fome nominal Chriftians; and afterwards C

altered

Barnes.

BARNABITES, a religious order, founded in the 16th century by three Italian gentlemen, who had been advised by a famous preacher of thofe days to read carefully the epiftles of St Paul. Hence they were called clerks of St Paul; and Barnabites, because they performed their firft exercife in a church of St Barnabas at Milan. Their habit is black; and their office is to inftruct, catechife, and ferve in miffion.

BARNACLE, in ornithology, a fpecies of goofe. See ANAS.

BARNACLES, in farriery, an inftrument compofed of two branches joined at one end with a hinge, to put upon horfes nofes when they will not ftand quietly to be fhod, blooded, or dreffed.

BARNADESIA, in botany; a genus of the polygamia æqualis order, belonging to the fyngenefia clafs of plants; the characters of which are: The corolla is radiated; the calyx is naked, imbricated, and pungent; the pappus of the rays feathery, of the difk briftly and retrofracted. There is but one fpecies, the fpinofa, a native of America.

BARNARD, or BERNARD (John), the fon of John Barnard, gent. was born at Caftor in Lincolnshire, and educated at Cambridge. After feveral preferments, he was made a prebendary of the church of Lincoln. He wrote Cenfura Clerior, againft fcandalous minifters not fit to be restored to church livings; the Life of Dr Heylyn; and a few other works. He died at Newark, August 17. 1683.

BARNARD-Cafile, feated on the river Tees in the county of Durham, is a town and barony belonging to Vane earl of Darlington. It is indifferently large, and has a manufacture of flockings. W. Long. 1. 45. N. Lat. 54. 35.

BARNES (Joshua), profeffor of the Greek language at Cambridge, in the beginning of the 18th century. He was chofen queen's profeffor of Greek in 1695, a language he wrote and fpoke with the utmoft facility. His fit publication was a whimfical tract, intitled, Gerania, or a new Discovery of the little fort of people called Pygmies. After that appeared his Life of Edward III. in which he introduces his hero making long and elaborate fpeeches.-In the year 1700, when he published many of his works, Mrs Mafon, of Hemmingford, in Huntingdonfhire, a widow lady of between 40 and 50, with a jointure of L.200 per annum, who had been for fome time a great admirer of him, came to Cambridge, and defired leave to fettle L. 100 a-year upon him after her death; which he politely refufed, unless she would likewife condefcend to make him happy with her perfon, which was not very engaging. The lady was too obliging to refufe any thing to Joshua, for whom she said, "the fun ftood still;" and they were accordingly married. Mr Barnes wrote feveral other books befides those abovementioned, particularly, Sacred poems; The Life of Oliver Cromwell, the Tyrant; feveral dramatic pieces; A poetical Paraphrafe on the Hiftory of Efther, in Greek verfe, with a Latin tranflation, &c.; and he published editions of Euripides, Anacreon, and Homer's Iliad and Odyfey, with notes and a Latin translation He wrote with greater eafe in Greek than even in English, and yet is generally allowed not to have understood the delicacies of that language. He was of fuch a humane difpofi

Barocci

tion, and fo unacquainted with the world, that he gave Barnavelde his only coat to a vagrant begging at his door. This excellant man died on the 3d of August 1712, in the 58th year of his age.

BARNAVELDT (John d'Olden), the celebrated Dutch ftatefman, and one of the founders of the civil liberty of Holland. His patriotic zeal inducing him to limit the authority of Maurice prince of Orange the fecond stadtholder of Holland, the partizans of that prince falfely accufed him of a defign to deliver his country into the hands of the Spanish monarch. On this abfurd charge he was tried by 26 commiffaries deputed from the feven provinces, condemned, and beheaded in 1619. His fons William and Réné, with a view of revenging their father's death, formed a confpiracy against the ftadtholder, which was discovered. William fled: but Réné was taken and condemned to die; which fatal circumftance has immortalized the memory of his mother, of whom the following anecdote is recorded. She folicited a pardon for Réné; upon which Maurice expreffed his furprise that the fhould do that for her fon which he had refused for her husband. To this remark, the replied with indignation, " I would not afk a pardon for my hufband, because he was innocent. I folicit it for my fon, because he is guilty."

BARNET, a town partly in Middlefex, and partly in Hertfordshire. It is a great thorough-fare, and the market is very remarkable for hogs. W. Long.o. 5. N. Lat. 51.42.

BARNSLEY, or BLACK BARNSLEY, a town of the weft riding of Yorkshire, feated on the fide of a hill," and five furlongs in length. W. Long. 1. 20. N. Lat. 53.35.

BARNSTABLE, a fea-port town of Devonshire, feated on the river Tau, over which there is a good bridge. It is a corporation town, and fends two members to Parliament. W. Long. 4. 5. N. Lat. 51.15.

BARO, or BARON (Peter), profeffor of divinity in the univerfity of Cambridge, in the 16th century, was born at Eftampes in France, and educated in the univerfity of Bourges, where he was admitted a licentiate in the law: but being of the Proteftant religion, he was obliged to leave his native country to avoid perfecution; and withdrawing into England, was kindly entertained by Lord Burleigh. He afterwards fettled at Cambridge; and by the recommendation of his noble patron, was, in 1574, chofen lady Margaret's profeffor there. For fome years he quietly enjoyed his profesforfhip; but there was at laft raised a reftlefs faction against him, by his oppofing the doctrine of abfolute predeftination; which rendered his place fo uneafy to him, that he chose to leave the univerfity, and to fettle in London. He wrote, 1. In Jonam Prophetam Pralectionis xxxix. 2. De Præftantia & Dignitate Divina Legis; and other pieces. He died in London, about the year 1600.

BAROCCI (Frederic), a celebrated painter, was born at Urbin, where the genius of Raphael infpired him. In his early youth he travelled to Rome; where he painted feveral things in frefco. He then returned to Urbino; and giving himself up to intenfe ftudy, acquired a great name in painting. His genius particularly led him to religious fubjects. At his leifure hours, he etched a few prints from his own defigns; which are highly finished, and executed with great foftnefs and delicacy. The Salutation is his capital performance in that way of which we seldom meet

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