gamation, which would be the destruction of a large portion of the finest race in the world. This little study now comes to a close. An effort has been made to sketch briefly in this chapter the difficulties the South has encountered in dealing with the negro problem, and to outline the measure of success it has achieved. However imperfectly the author may have performed his task, it must be clear to the reader that no such problem as the present was ever before presented to a self-governing people. Never was there so much need of that culture from which alone can come a high sense of duty to others. The negro must be encouraged to be self-helpful and useful to the community. If he is to do all this and remain a separate race, he must have leadership among his own people. In the Mississippi Black Belt there is now a town of some 4,000 negroes, Mound Bayou, completely organized and prospering. It may be that in the future negroes seeking among themselves the amenities of life may congregate into communities of their own, cultivating adjacent lands, as the French do in their agricultural vil lages. Wherever they may be, they must practise the civic virtues, honesty, and obedience to law. W. H. Councill, a negro teacher, of Huntsville, Alabama, said some years since in a magazine article: "When the gray-haired veterans who followed Lee and Jackson pass away, the negro will have lost his best friends." This is true, but it is hoped that time and culture, while not producing social equality, will allay race animosities and bring the negro other friends to take the place of the departing veterans. The white man, with his pride of race, must more and more be made to feel that noblesse oblige. His sense of duty to others must measure up to his responsibilities and opportunities. He must accord to the negro all his rights under the laws as they exist. The South is exerting itself to better its common schools, but it cannot compete in this regard with the North. Northern philanthropists are quite properly contributing to education in the South. They should consider well the needs of both races. Any attempt to give to the negroes advantages superior to those of the whites, who are now treating the negro fairly in this respect, might look like another attempt to put, in negro language, "the bottom rail on top.' Looking over the whole field covered by this sketch, it is wonderful to note how the chain of causation stretches back into the past. Reconstruction was a result of the war; secession and war resulted from a movement in the North, in 1831, against conditions then existing in the South. The negro, the cause of the old quarrel between the sections, is located now much as he was then. How full of lessons, for both the South and the North, is the history of the last eighty years! There is even a chord that connects the burning of a negro at Coatesville, Pennsylvania, by an excited mob on the 13th of August, 1911, with the burning of the Federal Constitution at Framingham, Massachusetts, by that other excited mob of madmen, under Garrison, on the fourth day of July, 1854. One body of outlaws was defying the laws of Pennsylvania; the other was defying the fundamental laws of the nation. INDEX Abolitionists, mobbed, 71; burn Abolition societies, in 1840, 93 Americans, world's record for hard Andrews, Prof. E. A., slavery con- Anti-slavery people and Abolition- Author's conclusions, 242-3-4 Biglow Papers, 97-8 Birney, James G., mobbed, 87 Boston meeting, Dr. Hart over- Boston Resolutions, 64 Calhoun, John C., prophecy of, Cause of sectional conflict, Aboli- Colonies, juxtaposed, not united, 15 Compromise of 1850; excitement 128 Confederate States with old Con- Cotton gin, accepted theory as to Courage of, and losses in, both ar- Criminality, of negroes greater Cromwell and the Great Revolu- Davis, Jefferson, farewell speech, Democrats, North, opposed negro Deportation, no country ready to Disunion, project among Federal- Emancipation, easy North; dif- Embargo of 1807, why repealed, Emerson, Ralph Waldo, eulogizes Everett, Edward, denunciation of Federalists, construed Constitu- Fite, Professor at Yale, declares Freedman's Bureau, its composi- Free speech, Channing defends Garrison, William Lloyd, began Godkin, E. L., on negro as factor Greeley, Horace, draws comfort Hartford Convention, 28 Immigration and Union sentiment; Incendiary literature, sent South, Denmark Vesey Irish patriots, Mitchel and Mea- John Brown's raid, 149; his secret Johnson, Andrew, succeeding Kansas, fierce struggles in; Sum- Kentucky Resolutions, 1798, 19; Kentucky and Virginia Resolu- |