Let us now speak of the inconveniences of counsel, and of the remedies. The inconveniences that have been noted in calling and using counsel, are three. First, the revealing of affairs, whereby they become less secret. Secondly, the weakening of the authority of princes, as if they were less of themselves. Thirdly, the danger of being unfaithfully counselled, and more for the good of them that counsel than of him that is counselled. For which inconveniences, the doctrine of Italy, the practice of France, in some kings' times, hath introduced cabinet counsels; a remedy worse than the disease.

As to secrecy; princes are not bound to communicate all matters with all counsellors; but may extract and select. Neither is it necessary that he that consulteth what he should do, should declare what he will do. But let princes beware that the unsecreting1 of their affairs comes not from themselves. And as for cabinet counsels, it may be their motto, plenus rimarum sum:2 one futile3 person that maketh it his glory to tell, will do more hurt than many that know it their duty to conceal. It is true there be some affairs which require extreme secrecy, which will hardly go beyond one or two persons besides the king: neither are those counsels unprosperous; for, besides the secrecy, they commonly go on constantly in one spirit of direction, without distraction. But

1 Unsecreting. Disclosing.

2 I am full of chinks; that is, I can keep nothing to myself. Terence. Eunuchus. I. ii. 25.

3 Futile. Untrustworthy, of no weight. From the use of this word in the same connection in the Essay, Of Simulation and Dissimulation, it would appear that 'talkative' was the ordinary meaning of 'futile' to Bacon.

then it must be a prudent king, such as is able to grind with a hand-mill; and those inward counsellors had need also be wise men, and especially true and trusty to the king's ends; as it was with King Henry the Seventh of England, who in his greatest business imparted himself to none, except it were to Morton1 and Fox.2

For weakening of authority; the fable3 showeth the remedy. Nay, the majesty of kings is rather exalted than diminished when they are in the chair of counsel; neither was there ever prince bereaved of his dependences by his counsel; except where there hath been either an over-greatness in one counsellor or an over-strict combination in divers; 1 which are things soon found and holpen.

For the last inconvenience, that men will counsel with an eye to themselves; certainly, non inveniet fidem super terram5 is meant of the nature of times, and not of all particular persons. There be that are in nature faithful, and sincere, and plain, and direct; not crafty and involved; let princes, above all, draw to themselves such natures. Besides, counsellors are not commonly so united, but that one counsellor keepeth sentinel over another; so that if any do counsel out of faction or private ends, it commonly

1 John Morton, 1420 (?)-1500, bishop of Ely and archbishop of Canterbury.

2 Richard Foxe, or Fox, 1448 (?)-1528, successively bishop of Exeter, of Bath and Wells, of Durham, and of Winchester.

That is, the fable of Jupiter and Metis. S.

▲ Divers. Various, several, sundry. "And Tamar put ashes on her head, and rent her garment of divers colours that was on her, and laid her hand on her head, and went on crying." II. Samuel xiii. 19.

5 He will not find faith upon the earth. Luke xviii. 8. Notice this same verse quoted in the last sentence of the Essay, Of Truth.

comes to the king's ear. But the best remedy is, if princes know their counsellors, as well as their counsellors know them:

Principis est virtus maxima nosse suos.1

And on the other side, counsellors should not be too speculative into their sovereign's person. The true composition of a counsellor is rather to be skilful in their master's business, than in his nature; for then he is like to advise him, and not feed his humour. It is of singular use to princes if they take the opinions of their counsel both separately and together. For private opinion is more free; but opinion before others is more reverent. In private, men are more bold in their own humours; and in consort,2 men are more obnoxious to others' humours; therefore it is good to take both; and of the inferior sort rather in private, to preserve freedom; of the greater rather in consort, to preserve respect. It is in vain for princes to take counsel concerning matters, if they take no counsel likewise concerning persons; for all matters are as dead images; and the life of the execution of affairs resteth in the good choice of persons. Neither is it enough to consult concerning persons secundum genera,3 as in an idea, or mathematical description, what the kind and character of the person should be; for the greatest errors are

1 The greatest virtue of a prince is to know his counsellors. Marci Valerii Martialis Epigrammatum Liber VIII. xv. Ad Domitianum.

8.

committed, and the most judgment is shown in the choice of individuals. It was truly said, optimi consiliarii mortui:1 books will speak plain when counsellors blanch. Therefore it is good to be conversant in them, specially the books of such as themselves have been actors upon the stage.

The counsels at this day in most places are but familiar meetings, where matters are rather talked on than debated. And they run too swift to the order or act of counsel. It were better that in causes of weight, the matter were propounded one day and not spoken to till the next day; in nocte consilium.2. So was it done in the Commission of Union between England and Scotland; which was a grave and orderly assembly. I commend set days for petitions; for both it gives the suitors more certainty for their attendance, and it frees the meetings for matters of estate, that they may hoc agere.3 In choice of committees for ripening business for the counsel, it is better to choose indifferent persons, than to make an indifferency by putting in those that are strong on both sides. I commend also standing commissions; as for trade, for treasure, for war, for suits, for some provinces; for where there be divers particular counsels and but one counsel of estate (as it is in Spain), they are, in effect, no more than standing commissions: save that they have greater authority. Let such as are to inform

1 The best counsellors are the dead. "Alonso of Arragon was wont to say of himself, That he was a great necromancer, for that he used to ask counsel of the dead: meaning books." Bacon. Apophthegmes New and Old. 105 (78).

2 In night is counsel, that is, the night brings counsel.

Do this one thing. Plutarch. Life of Coriolanus.

counsels out of their particular professions, (as lawyers, seamen, mintmen,1 and the like,) be first heard before committees; and then, as occasion serves, before the counsel. And let them not come in multitudes, or in a tribunitious manner, for that is to clamour3 counsels, not to inform them. A long table and a square table, or seats about the walls, seem things of form, but are things of substance; for at a long table a few at the upper end, in effect, sway all the business; but in the other form there is more use of the counsellors' opinions that sit lower. A king, when he presides in counsel, let him beware how he opens his own inclination too much in that which he propoundeth; for else counsellors will but take the wind of him, and instead of giving free counsel, sing him a song of placebo.5

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1 Mintman.

One skilled in coining or in coins; a coiner. 2 Tribunitious. Characteristic of a tribune, or of his power or functions. We do not get the wisest counsel from tribunes or demagogues, as Bacon goes on to say.

3 Clamour. To disturb with clamour; to din.
"Clamoured the livelong night."

Shakspere. Macbeth. ii. 1.

"At Hawarden the G. O. M. [Grand Old Man, Gladstone] was somewhat hoarse, but cheerful and full of interesting talk on various topics. The geology of Norway and Psychical Research appeared to be the subjects that interested him most, but he told us one or two noteworthy things of a political bearing,-e.g. that the Cabinet now sit round a table, whereas they used to sit on chairs in a circle; he thinks the change a mistake, as leading to a less steady concentration of attention." Henry Sidgwick. A Memoir by A. S. and E. M. S. Diary for September 30, 1885. p. 425.

I will please. In the Roman Catholic Church, the vesper hymn for the dead, beginning, Placebo Domino in regione vivorum.