subject, and since Morse furnishes one of the very best illustrations possible of the active temperament, combined with the powerful-exactly such an organization, as is required to make this kind of discovery-we pass to his Phrenology.

the

eyes

HOWLAND. SC

Every head has its predominant group of organs, which--to use a rustic term too appropriate to be omitted-we will call its BUTT-END, and this group controls the character. Every observer of heads will perceive that some make up, or project most at the root of the nose, others at the crown, others at the social group, others at the sides of the head, and others in other places. Morse's head has two leading groups, near together, and which naturally most commonly combine in action, namely, the perceptives, and Constructiveness, aided by Ideality. His profile drawing shows predominant perceptives in the great projection seen over and at the root of the nose-which is also seen in his front view, in the long and arched form of his eyebrows-and Constructiveness and Ideality in that great widening seen in his front likeness, at the temples, where the hair unites with the head. (See rule for finding Constructiveness.) Now these are just the organs requisite for making such an invention. Amateurs might think immense Causality is requisite. Not so. Causality discovers principles and reasons, but it is the perceptives which APPLY principles already known to practical life. Causality of course aids such application, yet predominant perceptives SEE how to apply them much more readily and frequently than Causality THINKS how to apply them. Causality makes inventions by reasoning from cause to effect, yet not one in fifty of our new and useful inventions have this origin: Most of them are PERCEIVED, instead of being thought out. Of these, the

telegraph is one. No new law is worked out; only a well-known one is practically APPLIED.

Predominant perceptives of course always combine with whatever other group may rank next in size, as will be shown when we come to treat of the COMBINATIONS of the organs, which is in reserve for this volume. In Morse's head, this is Constructiveness and Ideality. Constructiveness is rarely found developed in as great a degree. These two groups, when both are thus immense, working in concert, always keep each other at work, each reciprocally engrossing the other's energies. The three organic conditions, then, which enabled him to invent the telegraph are, first, that quick, brisk, active, ever-working cast of mind given by his temperament; secondly, great perceptives, and these two conditions combining, give exceeding quickness and correctness of perception; and, thirdly, a power of Constructiveness which turned both these other conditions upon mechanical experiments.

COMPARISON renders most important service in this case, and this organ in Morse's head is also amply developed, and he has always been distinguished for that discerning, critical, shrewd, discriminating cast of mind given by this faculty.

FORM is very large also in his head, as seen in its great width between the eyes. This greatly aids all inventions, and especially contributes largely to that love of nature, as well as to science, that artistic talent, for both of which he has become renowned.

SIZE and LOCALITY are large in both head and character. He has the organs requisite for landscape painting. Whether or not his artistic powers take this turn, I do not know.

ORDER is especially developed, and hence, without knowing, I venture to predict that he is very particular, even to fastidiousness, in this respect.

EVENTUALITY is also amply developed, and this coincides with his great love of knowledge, and his renown as a general scholar and a scientific experimenter, which prepared the way for his invention.

BENEVOLENCE, VENERATION, COMBATIVENESS, ADHESIVENESS, FIRMNESS, and SELF-ESTEEM are all large organs, and would render him forcible, persevering, almost headstrong, self-relying, independent, aspiring, good-hearted, and eminently social, though sufficiently selfish to look well to his own interests. Yet, since our design is rather to present the marked coincidence between his Phrenology and those mental powers which set on foot so mighty an engine of present and prospective good to man as the telegraph, we dismiss him, thankful for his invention, and assured of a perfect correspondence between his head and character.

One other organic condition, of a general character, is too important to be omitted, namely, the admirable BALANCE found in his head. He has many very strong points, yet NO EXCESSES. On the contrary, all his fac

ulties work in admirable CONCERT, and thus greatly strengthen each other, and contribute to his success. In other words, his immense Constructiveness and perceptives lead off in his character, and give him that scientific, experimenting, and practical cast of mind which exactly fit him to invent the telegraph; and then all his other powers fall into their wake, and accelerate their speed.

It remains to add, that the original bust from which these likenesses are taken, and which furnish the data of these observations, was taken by Mr. L. N. Fowler from Mr. Morse's head, and, as his hair was thin, it furnishes a FAC SIMILE of his developments exactly as they exist.

ARTICLE V.

CONSTRUCTIVENESS-ITS DEFINITION, LOCATION, ADAPTATION, AND CULTI

VATION.

"Man is a tool-using animal."

THE MAKING instinct and talent; manual dexterity in using TOOLS; INGENUITY; sleight of hand in coNSTRUCTING things, and turning off WORK, or whatever is done with the HANDS; disposition and ability to TINKER, MEND, FIX UP, MAKE, BUILD, MANUFACTURE, employ MACHINERY, and the like.

LARGE CONSTRUCTIVENESS loves to make, and gives an excellent practical idea of the best mode of constructing things, as well as manual skill and dexterity in executing all kinds of work, writing, drawing, sewing, folding, managing machinery, packings, and whatever we do with our hands. It also relates to the construction of ideas in sentences, discourses, and works.

SMALL Constructiveness is deficient in these respects, awkward in manual exertion, fails in understanding and working machinery, writes and uses tools bunglingly, and lacks mental as well as physical construction. Located two inches forward, and one upward of Acquisitiveness.

Every thing which is, is MADE. All nature is one vast workshop, and all things in and on the earth are the manufactured wares of the great MAKER of the universe. And the skill and ingenuity displayed in every work of his hands are indeed infinite! Every thing constructed in the best possible manner to subserve the great end of its creation. Every organ perfect in formation and function, and located just where it can execute its mission to the best advantage! Behold the infinite mechanical perfection of the eye, ear, lungs, heart! How infinitely minute yet perfect the capillary ramifications of blood-vessels, glands, nerves, muscles, fibres, etc.! How inimitably perfect in invention and execution the mechanism of the human body! Nothing superfluous. Nothing wanted but is supplied. Its functions, how numerous, how complicated, how efficient! Yet every one of them effected by some INSTRUMENTALITY, for nature never works without tools. Though we do not understand a hun

dredth part of those contrivances employed throughout the human body, yet what we do understand is worthy of all admiration.

Of

The Infinite Mechanist of the universe has also stamped upon all his works certain mechanical laws, which are generally SELF-ACTING. this the heart, lungs, stomach, and all our physical functions, furnish examples. They "whistle themselves" in their growth, their various functions, nd their decline.

This self-acting principle doubtless moves the earth, sun, and stars through their immense cycles, and both generates and applies the power required to propel such huge masses with such mighty velocity and precision. The Newtonian theory is probably incorrect. The true one will doubtless be found to proceed on certain simple yet efficient mechanical principles-to embrace a self-moving and self-regulating law of perpetual motion. That principle undoubtedly exists in nature, and will yet be discovered and applied by man--not by any arrangement of machinery, but by the generation and combination probably of some application of those two forces-self-attracting and repelling-which constitute magnetism, light, heat, galvanism-all the same-and which produce growth, and probably constitute the motive power of universal nature.

But however perfect all that physical mechanism of nature which attains ends so countless in number and promotive of happiness, yet all this is nothing compared with the mechanism manifested in the construction of the human mind. Here, all attempts at description only beggar it. None but the profound phrenologist can comprehend its beauty or perfection, nor he only begin. I admire the works of God-full of the divinity of their Infinite Author. But thou, O mind! excellest them all. Think of it. The creation of an immaterial, immortal, sentient, and thinking entity, capable of all the varied emotions, desires, and operations we perform, and in such almost angelic power! O, thou Maker of heaven, earth, and the human soul! thy works, like thyself, are indeed infinite! And thy last, thy most perfect. "Here the WHOLE Deity is shown."

Man, too, is endowed with this making instinct and capability. Constituted so as to require houses, garments, tools, agricultural, mechanical, and other implements, as well as machinery, without this faculty adapted to such requisition, he could never make a single article, nor do any thing whatever with his hands. But with it, the farmer, mechanic, and laborer execute every stroke with the hammer, saw, axe, scythe, and every other tool used by man; the builder constructs houses and palaces; the machinist invents and constructs labor-saving machinery of all kinds, and therewith makes all sorts of fabrics and articles of comfort and luxury; and even compels water, wind, and steam to become his workmen. Behold that floating palace! See her plough the mighty deep, perform her prescribed voyages, and even outride the terrific gale! Every breeze, from whatever quarter, propels her forward. The very winds are her servants. See the innumerable machines all over the land, executing all sorts of labor for the comfort of man. Behold the human face divine transferred to canvass and the Daguerrian disk! How beautiful, how necessary, the possession of this faculty of man; and how innumerable and great the good it confers.

A faculty thus promotive of human happiness should of course be cul

tivated. The idea that none but mechanics require this element, is a great mistake. Every human being uses it, in all to which he puts his hands. All farmers and workers in any and all sorts of manual occupations; all merchants in putting up, taking down, cutting, packing, folding, and wrapping their goods; all who use the pen in making letters and words; all who frame books, essays, paragraphs, or sentences; all who speak in public or converse in private, or even think or feel; all who do any thing, in whatever they do, as well as mechanics proper-all mankind, rich and poor, wise and foolish, old and young-require and use this constructing instinct and capability. All should therefore cultivate it— artists, mechanics, operatives, and workers, that they may excel in their respective pursuits and still more, those who would live by or enjoy their mental powers.

Skill in the use of tools is of incalculable value to all. It will enable them to execute many jobs, trifling and important, which they can do for themselves better than any one else can do for them.

Its cultivation will also greatly facilitate that muscular exercise shown in "Physiology" to be indispensable to health and talents. On this account, if no other, the rich should perform some kind of manual labor daily. But we need not repeat.

A good CHIROGRAPHY—a plain, easy, and rapid formation of letters and words-is of great utility in all stations in life, and is secured in part by Constructiveness, and should be cultivated by all. And to acquire this, DRAWING should be taught along with writing. Both consist in transferring FORMS to paper, and greatly aid each other. In fact, reading, writing, and drawing, are virtually one, and should be taught together. On this point, Hon. Horace Mann, State superintendent of Massachusetts' schools, says, in a report of visits to schools in Europe: "Such excellent handwriting as I saw in the Prussian schools, I never saw before. I can hardly express myself too strongly on this point. In Great Britain, France, or in our own country, I have never seen schools worthy to be compared with theirs, in this respect. This superiority cannot be attributed in any degree to a better manner of holding the pen, for I never saw so great a proportion in any schools where the pen is so awkwardly held. This excellence must be referred in a great degree to the universal practice of drawing contemporaneously with learning to write. I believe a child will learn both to draw and write sooner and with more ease than he will learn writing alone. In the course of my tour, I passed from countries where almost every pupil in the school could draw with ease, and most of them with no inconsiderable degree of beauty and expression, to those where drawing was not practiced at all, and I came to the conclusion that, with no other guide but the copy-books of the pupils, I could tell whether drawing were taught in school or not."

Mr. Mann adds: "Drawing of itself, is an expressive and beautiful language. A few strokes of the pen, or pencil, will often represent to the eye what no amount of words, however well chosen, can communicate. For the master architect, for the engraver, the engineer, the pattern-designer, the draughtsman, moulder, machine-builder, or head mechanic of any kind, all acknowledge that this art is essential and indispensable. But there is no department of business or condition of life where this accomplishment would not be of utility."