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cathedral where he worshipped. He also ascertained the beating of the pulse from this fact, and counted it by the vibrations of a pendulum.

4. His father had positively forbidden him to study mathematics; but, as he perceived the strong inclination of his son for these pursuits, he gave his consent, and his son was soon on the road to fame.

5. He was introduced to the first mathematician of the day, and was soon appointed lecturer in the university in his native town, and afterward professor of mathematics.

"6. He discovered the thermometer, an instrument by which we can measure the expansive or condensive heat of the atmosphere, and in 1609 discovered the telescope. He had heard of the magnifying power of an instrument that had been constructed in Italy, that greatly enlarged objects, and made distant objects appear much nearer, and he thought he would try his skill, and see what he could do.

"7. He fitted a spectacle glass to each end of a leaden tube, one of which was round, or convex, and the other hollow, or concave. By applying his eye to one end, he discovered that objects were enlarged. He carried this instrument to Venice, and presented it to the senate. Great was the interest and almost enthusiasm which prevailed. He was elected professor for life, and had a salary of one thousand florins.

"8. This instrument magnified only three times; he made another that magnified eight times, and at length made one which magnified thirty times.

"9. He now proceeded to examine the heavens. By means of this instrument, he discovered inequalities in the moon's surface, the difference between the planets and the fixed stars, and resolved nebulæ into distinct and numerous

stars.

"10. He discovered that Jupiter was attended by four moons or satellites.

He saw the dark spots on the sun's disc, from which he calculated that the sun moved on its axis in twenty-eight days. He discovered the rings of Saturn, and, not fully understanding their nature, described the planet as a triple star, each retaining its relative position with respect to the other. Soon after this, he made known his belief in the Copernican system, that the sun was the centre of the universe.

"11. On account of this belief or avowal he was greatly persecuted, and summoned to Rome, to have a trial before the Inquisition. This was a body of men who had great power in their hands, and who met together for the purpose of trying persons convicted of crime. The punishments which they inflicted were of the most severe and cruel kind. The Pope and Inquisitors met, and decreed that if Galileo would agree neither to teach, defend, nor publish his sentiments, or, in other words, if he would renounce them as untrue, he should be acquitted and released. If he would not, he should be cast into prison.

"12. They erroneously SUPPOSED that the Bible declared that the earth stood still, and that he must certainly be in the wrong. He was silent for a time, and their fears were quieted; but in about ten or twelve years he again published his views, in the form of a dialogue. One person represented the Copernican system, and another the opposite, or the Ptolemaic system.

"13. This enraged his enemies to such a degree that he was again summoned before the Inquisition. He was found guilty by them of heresy, and condemned to imprisonment and death. He was an old man, bowed with infirmities, and he renounced the opinions he had taught and published.

"14. The form of his renouncement was as follows: With a sincere heart and unfeigned faith, I abjure, curse, and detest the said errors and heresies, that the earth moves, etc. I swear that I will never in future say or assert any thing, verbally or in writing, which may give rise to a similar suspicion against me. I, Galileo Galilei, have abjured the above with my own hand.'

"15. It is said that when Galileo rose from his knees, he stamped with his foot on the ground, and whispered to a friend, IT DOES MOVE THOUGH!'

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"16. He was confined several days in the prison, and was then allowed to retire to his country seat, where he lived in great seclusion, as he was not permitted to enjoy the company of his friends. He, however, pursued his studies diligently, and made many new discoveries about the moon.

"17. He was struck with blindness, about three years before his death, and so strong was the prejudice that existed against him, that he was scarcely permitted to make his will, or to be buried in consecrated ground. Thirty years afterward, he was reinterred under a splendid monument, which now covers his remains. On this monument a bust of Galileo was placed, together with figures of geometry and astronomy. His house is preserved as a relic of departed worth. He was seventy-eight years of age when he died."

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DISTINGUISHED MEN FROM LONG LIVED STOCK.-This oft-repeated doctrine of the editor is confirmed by the following:

Mrs. Julia Rush, widow of the distinguished Dr. Benjamin Rush, and mother of Hon. Richard Rush, Minister of the United States to France, died on Friday night last, in the 90th year of her age, at Sydenham, near Philadelphia (the residence of her son.) She was the sister of the late Hon. Richard Stockton, of New Jersey, and grandmother, therefore, of Com. R. F. Stockton, U. S. Navy.

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He has a head of full size, rather narrow, and unusually high in the coronal region. He has a predominance of the mental and motive temperaments, giving a high degree of physical energy and mental strength. The vital or animal temperament is not sufficiently large to give a due proportion of interest in physical matters and animal wants. He has all the social organs large, with large Inhabitiveness, Concentrativeness, and Combativeness, and all the moral organs-particularly Benevolencea large frontal lobe, giving strong intellectual powers, with a predominance of the reasoning faculties-particularly Comparison. His greatest deficiencies arise from inferior Acquisitiveness, Secretiveness, Self-esteem, and the perceptive faculties.

We infer from the above developments that he is strongly attached to his friends, fond of domestic enjoyments, capable of strong connubial VOL. X.-NO. X.-20

love, much interested in children, and very much attached to home and one place; with uncommon continuity of thought and feeling. His mind instinctively dwells for a long time upon subjects not fully understood, or on favorite topics. This is well-nigh a fault in his character. He has naturally strong powers of resistance, feels disposed to overcome all obstacles, and at times may be impulsive, yet his judgment and humanity generally prevail, and, his Benevolence being larger than his Destructiveness, he would be disposed to forgive rather than punish his enemies. He is sensitive, mindful of reputation, ambitious, polite, affable, and rather familiar and easy in his manners; but his moral powers are too strong to allow him to trifle with principle or moral truth for the sake of the good opinion of others. His Firmness is not absolutely, but relatively, rather large. He requires the full action of other faculties to bring this one into prominent exercise. He is firm and decided, when any truth or principle is at stake which he considers valuable, but more modest and pliable in maintaining his own opinions. Although all the moral organs are prominent, and each one has its distinct influence, yet Benevolence is largest. His perceptive faculties and Acquisitiveness being smaller than his moral organs, he would be less conscious of the physical sufferings of others, but more mindful of their spiritual wants; and would administer to their spiritual necessities, rather than their physical. His love of truth and justice is the paramount trait of his character. He has strong hopes and anticipations, and is quite sanguine as to future success and results. Marvelousness, or Spirituality, is large. He readily appreciates the spiritual, and can easily disengage his mind from material objects, and is naturally disposed to give a spiritual interpretation to subjects. Con structiveness is rather large, but it is manifested in conjunction with Ideality-the reasoning and moral organs, rather than the perceptive and selfish faculties-making him ingenious in argument and fruitful in theory. He manifests his Ideality and Sublimity more in a love for the sentimental than for the poetical and extravagant, or in a fondness for the

arts.

He has quite an active sense of the ridiculous, but is not given to rudeness or boisterousness. His intellectual faculties, as a class, are large; giving him both the power to acquire knowledge and comprehend principles. Individuality is rather large, giving the power to identify and individualize. Form is large. This faculty is very necessary in the artist or scholar. It gives the ability to commit to memory, read and correct orthography, as well as to remember forms, faces, etc. His mathematical, arithmetical, and imitative talents, appear to be only average. Memory of stories and the common events of life is ordinary-of thoughts and ideas, good. His Causality is large, giving the power and desire to inquire into the cause and tendency of things. His scope of intellect and range of thought are more than average, but his great intel

lectual forte arises from his Comparison, which is very large, giving strong powers of association, analysis, and criticism. He is naturally inclined to reason metaphysically. He readily sees analogies and resemblances, and is very prone to compare and classify. His intuitive powers or quick discernment of truth, motives, and character, are good. He has fair powers of Language, but is not copious or abundant in the use of words. His moral and social faculties, with Comparison and Concentrativeness, have the ascendency in his character. He is very much disposed to plod and dwell upon one idea-to become too abstract and not sufficiently practical in his talents. He is liable to be too far-fetched in his thoughts and suggestions. His mind would be better balanced if he had more of the ability to acquire and take care of property-more worldly wisdom, tact, and management, dignity, self-confidence, and desire to rely upon his own resources. He has intellectual caution and prudence, but not enough natural watchfulness and guardedness. He has not at all times sufficient command over his feelings. His spiritual and moral elements control his animal, his social govern his selfish, and his intellect guides his ambition and ingenuity. We take the following from the "Prose Writers of America," published by Carey and Hart.

GEORGE BUSH, one of the most profound and ingenious scholars of the present age, was born at Norwich, in the eastern part of Vermont, on the twelfth of June, 1796, and entered Dartmouth College in the eighteenth year of his age, far advanced in classical learning, and distinguished for graces of style in literary composition, at that time unusual even among the veterans of the pulpit and the press. Among his classmates of Dartmouth were the late Dr. Marsh, of the University of Vermont, so eminent as a scholar, a philosopher, and a Christian; Thomas C. Upham, who has won an enviable reputation by his metaphysical writings; and Rufus Choate, who, at the bar and in the Senate, has been among the most conspicuous for learning, wisdom, and fervid eloquence. Mr. Choate was his "chum," and at this time their pursuits as well as their tastes were congenial; but religious influences changed the inten tions of Mr. Bush, and after graduating, with the highest honors, in 1818, he entered the Theological Seminary, at Princeton, to prepare himself for the ministry. In due time he received ordination in the Presbyterian church, and having passed a year as tutor in Princeton College, he, in 1824, went to Indiana, under the auspices of the Home Missionary Society, and settled in Indianapolis. In the following year he was married to a daughter of the Honorable Lewis Condict, of Morristown, in New Jersey. He acquired considerable reputation as a preacher, professorships were offered him in several colleges, and prospects of the satisfaction of all his ambition seemed opening before him; but, in 1827, when he had been four years in Indiana, his wife died, and he returned to the East.

He had already written occasionally for the literary and theological journals, but now he determined to consecrate his life to letters and learning; and in the various departments of dogmatical and ethical theology, general commentary, biblical antiquities, hermeneutics, and criticism, the fruits of his industrious pen have ever since engaged the attention of scholars and thinking men. His elec

* The Elements of Mental Philosophy, Treatise on the Will, Outlines of Imperfect and Disordered Mental Action, Principles of the Interior or Hidden Life, and other philosophical and religious works, in which he has exhibited sound learning, good judgment, and candor.

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