50 BOSION MEDICAL FEB 2 1 1928 AMERICAN PHRENOLOGICAL JOURNAL. He met the rice and cotton of America by the side of the rice and cotton of Bokhara in the East Indies, and encountered twenty different languages in the streets. This fair was attended by two hundred thousand persons, for an exchange of fabrics to the value of thirty millions of dollars, from Europe, Asia, and America. He descended the Volga, in an open boat, three hundred miles, to Kazan, the ancient Tartar capital, and was a witness of the disastrous fire which destroyed three fourths of that beautiful city. He was accompanied on this interesting route by Mr. Maxwell, of New York, the accomplished secretary of legation. It was the first instance in which an American minister had ever penetrated beyond Moscow, and he was received by all of the public authorities with great distinction and hospitality. He afterward visited Sweden, and had the rare good fortune to be presented to the celebrated Bernadotte, the only marshal of Napoleon who retained his crown. The king often spoke of the interest he felt in the interview, having been appointed at one period Governor of Louisiana, and destined to be a neighbor of the great valley of which Col. Todd was a native. The king remarked upon the very youthful appearance of Colonel Todd, supposing him to be only thirty or thirty-five years of age. This was the result of his steady temperance amid the snows of Canada and the burning suns of the equatorial region. In the winter of 1841-2, the Emperor determined to construct the railroad from St. Petersburgh to Moscow, and the hereditary Grand Duke in person requested Colonel Todd's good offices in obtaining the services of Major Whistler, a distinguished American engineer. Count Nesselrode, minister of foreign affairs, also sought an interview with him, by order of the Emperor, to effect the same object. Colonel Todd complied with their request, by addressing a letter to his old friend and fellow-soldier, General Jessup, who was a particular friend of Major Whistler. The reply, through Colonel Abert, announcing the contract with Major Whistler, was promptly communicated to the Russian government, and its high gratification expressed for so important a result. Major Whistler enjoys the unlimited confidence of the Emperor; and subsequently a marked evidence of reliance upon American skill and fidelity was shown by a company of manufacturers of engines from Philadelphia and Baltimor having obtained the contract for the locomotives and cars on that road, and without security, involving an expenditure of $4,500,000. Independently of his regular communications to the department of state, Colonel Todd maintained au interesting correspondence with his distinguished colleagues, Mr. Wheaton at Berlin, Mr. Everett at London, and his old fellow-soldier, General Cass, at Paris. A dispatch from Colonel Todd to his ancient friend, Mr. Calhoun, when secretary of state, presented a graphic view of the power and influence of Russia, and the character of her present dynasty; and a subsequent dispatch contained a military criticism, with some valuable hints upon a review which he attended of one hundred thousand regular troops. An extract of a dispatch from Mr. Webster, in March, 1843, will show the estimation in which Colonel Todd was held by both governments. "The President directs me to express to you his approbation of the manner in which you have discharged your duties as the representative of your country at the imperial court of Russia. While he is satisfied that you have sedulously sought, on all occasions, to promote the interest of the United States, it gives him much pleasure to understand that your public conduct and personal deportment have been quite satisfactory to the government to which you have been accredited." Our intercourse with Russia is so cordial, that any correspondence touching matters of business rarely occurs. One case of this kind, however, took place in 1845, in consequence of the ukase admitting crushed sugar from England. Colonel Todd claimed, under our treaty of commerce, the benefit of this privilege to be extended to the United States; but the season for navigation on the Baltic, to which it was restricted, passed away without any favorable result having been obtained, though Colonel Todd fully sustained his reputation in the argument with Count Nesselrode. The President thought proper to terminate Colonel Todd's mission in the fall of 1845; the secretary of state having communicated in a private letter that this act had not proceeded from any unfriendly feeling, but was the result of a change in the administration, and what he was pleased to term the application of the four years' rule or practice as to continuance in office of our ministers. The recall, however, did not reach Colonel Todd until it was too late in the season to descend the Baltic. The absence of the Emperor in Italy, also, necessarily postponed Colonel Todd's departure until February, which forced him upon the land route in the winter to Berlin, where he had the pleasure of visiting the celebrated Humboldt. In March he was presented at Paris to Louis Philippe and M. Guizot, and he had the satisfaction in London of listening to a speech by Sir Robert Peel, whose manner resembled somewhat that of the polished H. G. Otis. In April he reached the United States, and our public journals were filled with accounts of the favorable impression he had made at the court of the autocrat. His election to the Imperial Agricultural Society, its vote of thanks, and presentation of a gold medal, were all doubtless the modes by which the government manifested its regard for him. The merchants engaged in the American trade tendered him a letter, with assurances of their high sense of his services, and of their great regret at his departure. To this address he made an affecting reply, "begging them to accept his grateful acknowledgments for the assurances they had been pleased to tender of regard and esteem, and especially for the wish they had expressed for his health, happiness, and future career. After a long absence from his native land in a public position of great responsibility, this testimony of their approbation was received with upaffected sensibility, and would serve, next to the pleasing dictates of his own conscience, and the justice of his countrymen, to sweeten the remainder of his days." The eloquent manner of Colonel Todd produced upon several occasions a fine impression, in his response to compliments extended to the United States, at the anniversary dinners of the English Club. One of these, delivered in March, 1843, was republished by the late Colonel Stone, of the New York Commercial Advertiser; and in the opinion of that competent judge, was regarded “as in fine taste, as neat and simple as beautiful." A touching compliment was extended to Colonel Todd a few days before he left St. Petersburgh, in a dinner given by General Kaveline, the governor-general of the city. Any minister might be proud of receiving such a testimony of esteem. The general spoke as follows: 1ST TOAST." A residence of some years among us, having surely enabled the Honorable Mr. Todd to appreciate the noble and generous qualities that so highly distinguish our beloved Emperor and Empress, and their august family, I hope that he will most willingly and most cordially drink with us the health of the Emperor and all the imperial family." 2D TOAST." Though our respective countries be situated in two different parts of the world, and consequently very distant from each other, yet I hope you will acknowledge with me, that there is no distance for friendship. I then dare say, Honorable Mr. Todd, that when on the distant shores of the new world, you will sometimes remember the friends you leave here, whose hearts you have won by your eminently good qualities, and in whose bosom and memory your remembrance will remain engraved forever. I drink, with my good wife, with the ladies, with iny children, and with my friends, the health of the American Ambassador." Colonel Todd enjoyed the great happiness of being met at Boston by Mrs. Todd, and a son and daughter. He had scarcely reached the West, when the country was involved in the war with Mexico. The President had requested the Governor of Kentucky to accept the services of three regiments of volunteers; and upon distinct intimations having been given, by friends in the confidence of the governor, of the general wish that he should command the Kentucky volunteers, Colonel Todd tendered his services to the governor, and had satisfactory reasons for believing that he would have received a commission as brigadier-general, in case the governor had deemed such an appointment to be within his constitutional powers. The preceding narrative, we trust, will justify the opinion, that with the unpretending, though courteous and graceful manners of the old school, with an interesting personal appearance, with a high order of intelligence, with the ready command of a polished pen, in the vigor of life, with a high moral standard, and with a ripe experience in public affairs, military, political, and diplomatic, Colonel Todd possesses an enlarged capacity to render eminent services in the cabinet or the field, at home or abroad. war. CHANNING ON THE DECORATIONS OF WAR. To one who reflects, there is something very shocking in the decorations of If men must fight, let them wear the badges which become their craft. It would shock us to see a hangman dressed out in scarf and epaulette, and marching with merry music to the place of punishment. The soldier has a sadder work than the hangman; his office is not to dispatch occasionally a single criminal; he goes to the slaughter of thousands as free from crime as himself. The sword is worn as an ornament, and yet its use is to pierce the heart of a fellow-creature. As well might the butcher parade before us his knife, or the executioner his axe or halter. Allow war to be necessary, still, it is a horrible necessity, a work to fill a good man with anguish of spirit. Shall it be turned into an occasion of pomp and merriment? To dash out men's brains, to stab them to the heart, to cover the body with gashes, to lop off the limbs, to crush men under the hoof of the warhorse, to destroy husbands and fathers, to make widows and orphans—all this may be necessary; but to attire men for this work with fantastic trappings, to surround this fearful occupation with all the circumstances of gayety and pomp, seems as barbarous as it would be to deck a gallows, or to make a stage for dancing beneath the scaffold. ARTICLE XII. THE ORGANISM, OR TEMPERAMENTS, AS INDICATING CHARACTER,-NO. I. › THAT ORGANIZATION IS AS CHARACTER, is a fundamental law of nature. It constitutes the basis and superstructure of phrenological science, yet is by no means confined to it. It also teaches us all we can know of the character by the Physiology, both in and of itself, and in its reciprocal relations with the Phrenology; but it does not stop here. It not only pervades all human beings, from the crowns of their heads to the soles of their feet, but extends its sway over the entire animal kingdom—fish, fowl, serpent, insect, moth, etc., not excepted. Nor is its terminus even here. It governs, also, the entire vegetable kingdom-tree, fruit, herbevery thing that grows or is. Nor is its action probably limited to earth; but all worlds, all time, all eternity, probably both illustrate its universality, and conform to its conditions. A more complete expression of this law is this: The form or shape is as the texture or the organization, and this is as the character. This, in the very nature of things, must be so. Every thing must have some shape. Nothing can be without possessing this element of configuration, which is a NECESSARY property of universal matter. Then why shall not this property EXPRESS CHARACTER? In fact, we know it does. The shapes of some things proclaim unmistakably their true characters. And since a part do, then why not all? Does nature ever dabble? Does she begin and not finish? That law of universality explained in Art. II. of this volume, forbids. That principle of uniformity, on which Comparison is founded, and to which it is adapted,* also forbids. On the contrary, since she sees fit that some shapes should always accompany and indicate certain characters, for the same reason she ordains that all shape shall coincide with and express character, and that similar shapes shall always accompany similar characteristics. To take a few examples. The shape of every human being, past and present, bears a general resemblance to every other, because all have the same number, position, and outline configuration of bodily organs; and they all likewise have the same number of mental faculties. That is, as far as OUTLINE, both of form and character, are concerned, all human beings are alike. But every human being differs from every brute, ana from every vegetable and thing, both in configuration and character. Yet the nearer brute approaches to man in shape, the nearer he likewise comes to him in mentality, of which the orang-outang and monkey tribes furnish * See analysis of this faculty in our last volume, and also in "Fowler on Memory.” pertinent examples. But the further the animal recedes from the human type in shape, the further its mentality departs from that of man. (For illustrations, see page 83, Vol. VI., and 65, 111, and 112, Vol. VII., of this Journal.) Thus Moreover, animals of a like character possess a like shape. every animal of every species resembles every other animal of that species, in character as closely as in shape-every dog every other dog, every lion every other lion, etc. Minor differences of shape characterize different species and individuals, yet such differ in DISPOSITION as much as shape, and those of a like disposition are alike in shape. Thus every dog is more like every other dog, in both form and character, than like a fish or sheep; yet all grayhounds resemble all others, but differ from all bull-dogs, in shape as in character. The FELINE species furnishes another illustration of this law. Thus every tiger closely resembles every other in looks and character, and the nearer any animal approaches the tiger in character, the more nearly will it resemble the tiger type of configuration, of which the panther, lynx, tiger-cat, wild and domestic cats, are examples. Nor need these examples be multiplied; for what reader so dull as not to perceive the great law here illustrated, or so stupid as not to draw illustrations, ad infinitum, from every class, genus, species, and individual in the kingdoms of bird, fish, four-footed animal, and all things that inhabit the earth? One other series of illustrations of this law, drawn from the vegetable kingdom, must suffice. All vegetables-trees of course included-bear a general resemblance to all others, in that they all have roots, leaves, trunks, bark, etc., and bear seeds or fruits, yet differ from all beasts, in character and looks. And those which are alike in character, bear a general resemblance in shape, while the more unlike they are in the former, the more dissimilar are they in the latter. Thus all apple-trees resemble all others, as do all oaks, and pines, and grasses, and grains, etc. Yet each variety has its own peculiarities of both shape and character. But why enlarge? The great LAW here expounded governs every department of nature, and is illustrated by every individual and thing upon and within the earth. Every stone resembles every other stone, and so does every species its species, in quality as in shape. In short, this law of nature furnishes our principal means of recognizing and classifying things. All those classifications, analogies, and differences between natural objects, pointed out by naturalists, and which constitute science in general, are founded in this law, that CHARACTER IS AS SHAPE. Then why should not we apply a law so universal, so indispensable in all scientific researches-indeed, which constitutes the alpha and omega of all science-to the study of human character? If it be thus true in the general, it may be relied upon in the minutest detail, and of course |