CONTENTS OF VOLUME III. Inefficiency of the Commissariat and Transport Services-Great Storm and Loss of Valuable Stores-Gross official The Times Crimean Fund-The "Patriotic . PAGE . 148 Debate on Mr. Roebuck's Motion for Inquiry -The Aberdeen Ministry defeated and resign-The Duke of Newcastle's defence, 143 Failure of Lord Derby to form a Ministry- Lord John Russell fails to form a Ministry- The Palmerston Coalition Cabinet formed -Mr. Gladstone appointed Chancellor of Sketch of Lord Panmure (Mr. Fox Maule), Lord Palmerston announces the Policy of his Government-Opposition of Mr. Layard-- Mr. Roebuck presses his Resolution-The new Ministry threatened with Dissolution Death of the Czar Nicholas, and Accession of Alexander II.-Resolution of British Government to prosecute the War, . . 155 Arrival of Wounded Soldiers in England-- Congress at Vienna-Proposals rejected by Russia-Her Endeavours to separate Eng- land and France Breaking up of the Administrative Reform Association estab- lished - Lord Ellenborough proposes an Address to Her Majesty-Lord Granville Formation of a Military Reserve Force at An English Christmas before Sebastopol, A Visit to the Camp in March-Details of a Positions of the Allied Armies before Sebas- Home Recruiting and the Foreign Enlistment Sketch of Count Cavour-Mazzini's Teaching -Proposal to organize a Sardinian Con- tingent-The Sardinian Army lands in the General Pelissier succeeds General Canrobert Lord John Russell urges the Appointment of Lord Palmerston as War Secretary-Lord Treaty between England, France, and Aus- Meeting of Parliament in December 1854- The Conduct of the War condemned by Lord Derby and Mr. Layard-Sketch of Mr. Layard-Opposition to the Foreign Sketch of Sir Thomas Frankland Lewis and of his Son Sir George Cornewall Lewis- Sir George's Budget for 1856, . Progress of the War-Marshals Pelissier and . 187 End of the Siege-Our Losses during its Con- Peace Negotiations renewed-Palmerston's Lesson to Austria Conference of the Powers at Paris-Terms of the Treaty of The Tidings of Peace received in the Crimea Mr. Cobden's Motion against the Foreign War with China-Affair of the Arrow-Sketch of Sir John Bowring-His Demands upon the Chinese-The British Fleet bombards Canton-Proclamation of Governor Yeh, 198 Mr. Cobden on the Chinese Question-His Motion for a Select Committee - The Ministry out voted and Parliament dis- Lord Palmerston's Triumph in the new Elec- tion-Messrs. Cobden, Bright, and other leading Opponents unseated-Mr. Bright's Sunday Bill The Times upholds the Op- Condition of the Dwellings of the Poor in London and other Large Towns--Revela- tions by Dr. Letheby - Main Drainage Working of the Compulsory Vaccination Act, 228 The Adulteration of Food-"Analytic Sani- Efforts for Extension of Education-Improve- ment in Popular Literature - Abolition of the Newspaper Stamp Duty - Cheap Embezzlements by Sir John Dean Paul, Annexation of Oudh - Nana Sahib of rence, Condition of Cawnpore-Sir Hugh Wheeler's vii PAGE The Queen's Sympathy with Lord Canning The Government of India-Lord Palmerston's Bill for transferring the Government to the Crown- Absurdities of Lord Ellen- borough's "India Bill No. 2"-A Govern- ment Measure finally passed-Its Pro- Lord Elgin sent to China, The Avenger of Blood at hand - General Henry Havelock - His rapid Advance upon Cawnpore-Flight of Nana Sahib- Havelock and Outram march to Lucknow- The besieged Garrison relieved-Death of Reinforcements arrive from England-March of Sir Colin Campbell to Lucknow-The Place stormed and the Garrison finally re- lieved-Death of Sir Henry Havelock, Desperate Fighting at Delhi-The British Lieutenant Hodson captures the King of Delhi and his two Sons-The Sons are Effect of the Indian Atrocities on the Public Mind-General Neill's treatment of the rebel Sepoys - The "Large Grave" at Debate on Indian Affairs-Mr. Disraeli fore- shadows his "Imperial Policy" - Mr. Cobden's Views-General Klapka depre- cates wholesale Executions of the Sepoys, 265 Suppression of the Mutiny-Escape of Nana upon Lord Canning-His Defence of Difficulties of the Emperor Napoleon-At- Felice Orsini's Attempt to assassinate Louis Napoleon-Sketch of Orsini-Count Wa- lewski's Despatch concerning English Protection of political Criminals - M. Persigny adds his Remonstrance - Fury of certain French Colonels-Punch's Gal- lic Cock-The entente cordiale in danger,. 280 Lord Palmerston's Conspiracy Bill introduced Lord Derby forms a Cabinet-Mr. Disraeli Mr. Disraeli's Budget of 1858, Agitation for Reform-Debate on the Govern- ment Measure - Lord John Russell's Amendment-The Oratory of Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton and Sir Hugh Cairns— The Measure defeated Dissolution of Lord Palmerston again Prime Minister and Mr. Gladstone Chancellor of the Ex- Mr. Cobden on the Derby Administration- He is returned for Rochdale-Lord Pal- merston and Lord John Russell urge him to enter the Cabinet-Cobden's Arrival from Commercial Treaty with France-Mr. Cob- Mr. Gladstone's Studies of Homer-His Ad- dress to the University of Edinburgh in 1865-His Mission to the Ionian Islands -Criticisms of his Opponents-Final Ces- Sketch of Sir Edward Bulwer Lytton-His Style of Oratory-Punch and Thackeray on Sir Edward-His Novels and Dramas -His Political Creed-His unhappy Do- mestic Relations-Sergeant Ballantine's 298 Sketch of Sir Colin Campbell (Lord Clyde), . 305 Lord Lyndhurst - His Speech in favour of Strengthening the National Defences, 305 Mr. Gladstone's Position in the House and Austrian Rule in Italy-Policy of Cavour and of Mazzini-Mazzini and Garibaldi-Cha- The Emperor Napoleon's Designs against Austria-Victor Emmanuel's Declaration -Feeling in England-Napoleon's Letter to Queen Victoria-Unpopularity of the War in France-The Emperor's false Posi- tion-Negotiations with Lord Cowley- A Congress proposed-M. Thiers on the Emperor-Proposal for a General Disar- Austria prepares for War-Her Summons to Sardinia-Victor Emmanuel's Declaration to his Soldiers-Commencement of Hosti- The Emperor takes Command of the French Army-Movements of the Belligerents- The Austrians defeated at Palestro and at Magenta-Milan evacuated-Retreat of the Austrians-Their Defeat at Sol- An Armistice signed-Conditions of the Treaty Close of the Franco-Austrian War-Dissatis- faction of Sardinia-Hostility of Germany towards France-Neutrality of England- Growth of our Volunteer Force, Prince Albert and the Royal Family-Popu- larity of the Prince of Wales-His Educa- Prince Albert's Efforts to promote Art and Industrial Exhibitions-His Interest in the Volunteer Movement-Presides at the Meeting of the British Association in Aber- Improvements in Rifles and Artillery-The GLADSTONE AND HIS CONTEMPORARIES. CHAPTER VIII. WAR-FEVER-THE YEARS MILITANT. Illustrative Events of the preceding Sessions 1852-3-Signs of Prosperity-Agriculture-Science-ArtPugin-Turner-d'Orsay-Social Topics-"Secularism"-Mr. Holyoake-The "Achilli" Scandal— Mr. Walpole's Militia Bill-Macaulay at Edinburgh-Gladstone and Oxford University-The Oaths Question--Brougham-Gladstone and the Frome-Bennett Case-Drifting into War-The Czar Nicholas -The Crimea-Commissariat Muddle-Florence Nightingale-Our Allies-The Sardinians-Russell and the Shifting Government-The Great Struggle-Death of Nicholas-Parliament-Divorce Bill Government of India-Gladstone and the Ionian Islands. SIGNS of advances in material prosperity | receipts of the year were £14,987,310-not and of a great increase in the means of social progress had not been wanting during the period which we have been considering; and the session of 1853 opened with excellent prospects for the country. Telegraphic communications were being adopted, not only between distant parts of Great Britain, but between England and other nations. A submarine electric telegraph already united us with France, and a system of international copyright had been arranged between the two countries. The construction of railways in the United Kingdom had been going on at an enormous rate, with the result that the receipts at the end of 1851 had diminished in proportion to the increased length of the lines opened, as compared with the years from 1842 to 1846. At the end of the year 1845 the length of railway opened in the United Kingdom was 2023 miles. The total expenditure on railways at that date was £71,647,000— about £35,070 per mile; and the gross traffic receipts from the railways for that year were £6,669,230-about £3469 per mile per annum. At the end of the year 1851 the length of railway opened in the United Kingdom had increased to 6928 miles. The total expenditure on railways had swelled to £236,841,420 -about £35,058 per mile; and the gross VOL. III. more than £2281 per mile per annum. In 1842 the average cost per mile of the railways in existence had been £34,690; in 1845 it had been £35,070; in 1848 it had been £34,234; and in 1851 it was again £35,058. So that the practical cost per mile had increased instead of diminishing with a reduced cost of material and increase of skill. The gross traffic receipts per mile from 1842 had been-In 1842, £3113, or £8.29 per cent on the capital then expended; in 1843, £3083, or £8.82 per cent on the capital; in 1844, £3278, or £8.84 per cent; in 1845, £3469, or £9.30 per cent; in 1846, £3305, or £9.25 per cent; in 1847, £2870, or £8.20 per cent; in 1848, £2556, or £6.78 per cent; in 1849, £2302, or £613 per cent; in 1850, £2227, or £5.80 per cent; in 1851, £2281, or £6.35 per cent. Therefore the increased receipts fell behind their due proportion to the increased length opened every year between 1842 and 1850; but in the latter year, when the increased length opened, fell below the increased length opened in the preceding year by more than half (from about 590 additional miles to about 240 additional miles), there were signs of a healthy reaction. The over-construction on speculative railway enterprise had to a great extent ceased, and the lines which had been formed in many in 43 |