How and why Species Multiply: The Radiation of Darwin's FinchesPrinceton University Press, 2008 - Всего страниц: 218 Charles Darwin's experiences in the Galápagos Islands in 1835 helped to guide his thoughts toward a revolutionary theory: that species were not fixed but diversified from their ancestors over many generations, and that the driving mechanism of evolutionary change was natural selection. In this concise, accessible book, Peter and Rosemary Grant explain what we have learned about the origin and evolution of new species through the study of the finches made famous by that great scientist: Darwin's finches. Drawing upon their unique observations of finch evolution over a thirty-four-year period, the Grants trace the evolutionary history of fourteen different species from a shared ancestor three million years ago. They show how repeated cycles of speciation involved adaptive change through natural selection on beak size and shape, and divergence in songs. They explain other factors that drive finch evolution, including geographical isolation, which has kept the Galápagos relatively free of competitors and predators; climate change and an increase in the number of islands over the last three million years, which enhanced opportunities for speciation; and flexibility in the early learning of feeding skills, which helped species to exploit new food resources. Throughout, the Grants show how the laboratory tools of developmental biology and molecular genetics can be combined with observations and experiments on birds in the field to gain deeper insights into why the world is so biologically rich and diverse. Written by two preeminent evolutionary biologists, How and Why Species Multiply helps to answer fundamental questions about evolution--in the Galápagos and throughout the world. |
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Содержание
The Biodiversity Problem and Darwins Finches | 1 |
The Choice Of Organisms | 2 |
Darwins Finches | 3 |
Diversity Of Darwins Finch Species | 5 |
Species And Populations | 8 |
Overview Of The Book | 11 |
Origins and History | 13 |
Phylogeny | 14 |
Hybridization | 92 |
Why Hybridization Occurs | 93 |
When Hybridization Does Not Occur | 96 |
Hybrid Fitness | 97 |
Introgression On Daphne Major | 100 |
Introgression in the Archipelago | 103 |
Reproductive Character Displacement | 105 |
Evolutionary Significance Of Introgression | 106 |
Ancestors | 16 |
Colonization | 17 |
The Ecological Theater | 18 |
A Change Of Scenery | 21 |
The Evolutionary Play | 22 |
Summary | 25 |
Modes of Speciation | 26 |
Two Groups from One | 27 |
Divergence in Allopatry | 28 |
Coexistence In Sympatry | 29 |
Sympatric Speciation | 30 |
Parapatric Speciation | 31 |
Testing The Models | 33 |
Colonization of an Island | 35 |
Expectations from Theory | 36 |
A Colonization Event | 38 |
Inbreeding | 39 |
An Alternative Phenology of Founder Effects | 42 |
Species Elsewhere | 44 |
Summary | 45 |
Natural Selection Adaptation and Evolution | 46 |
Beak Sizes And Diets | 47 |
Adaptive Evolution When The Environment Changes | 50 |
Natural Selection | 52 |
Evolution | 54 |
Oscillating Directional Selection | 55 |
Extrapolating from Short to Long Term | 58 |
How Beaks Are Formed | 59 |
Summary | 63 |
Ecological Interactions | 65 |
Competition | 66 |
Character Displacement and Release | 68 |
Summary | 75 |
Reproductive Isolation | 76 |
Learning | 79 |
Song Differences between Species | 80 |
Song Divergence in Allopatry | 81 |
Simulating Secondary Contact | 88 |
Summary | 91 |
Summary | 107 |
Species and Speciation | 108 |
What Is a Species? | 109 |
A Working Definition | 110 |
How Many Species Of Darwins Finches? | 111 |
From Product Back To Process | 114 |
Fission And Fusion | 116 |
Summary | 119 |
Reconstructing the Radiation of Darwins Finches | 120 |
The Shape Of The Radiation | 121 |
Speciation And Extinction | 123 |
Adaptive Landscape | 128 |
A Pattern Of Ecological Segregation | 133 |
Specialization | 134 |
Summary | 135 |
Facilitators of Adaptive Radiation | 137 |
Environmental Opportunity | 138 |
Geographical Suitability | 139 |
Ecological Opportunity | 140 |
High Diversification Potential | 142 |
Introgressive Hybridization | 145 |
Finches versus Mockingbirds | 148 |
Summary | 150 |
The Life History of Adaptive Radiations | 152 |
The First Stage of Adaptive Radiation | 153 |
The Second Stage of Adaptive Radiation | 154 |
Haldanes Rule | 157 |
The Third Stage of Adaptive Radiation | 158 |
Synthesis | 160 |
Summary | 162 |
Summary of the Darwins Finch Radiation | 163 |
What Is Missing? | 165 |
Epilogue | 166 |
Glossary | 168 |
References | 175 |
201 | |
210 | |
Другие издания - Просмотреть все
How and Why Species Multiply: The Radiation of Darwin's Finches Peter R. Grant,B. Rosemary Grant Ограниченный просмотр - 2020 |
How and Why Species Multiply: The Radiation of Darwin's Finches Peter R. Grant,B. Rosemary Grant Ограниченный просмотр - 2011 |