be effected by the selection of one or two from the present body of inspectors-general, who-perfectly conversant with what ought to be taught, how to teach it, and how to test the teaching, might be usefully employed in spending a fortnight in rotation with each inspector, sharing his work with him. Such an officer would moreover at once be able to diffuse a knowledge of any new works, school apparatus, or improved modes of instruction; and he would act as the friend of manager, teacher, and inspector, aiding each with his experience, information, and counsel. The amalgamation of inspectoral staffs might, under this su pervision, be more easily and safely effected: it would produce greater economy as well as efficiency. No new inspectors would be needed for some years; for each man's time for inspection would be increased by that spared from travelling; just as his knowledge of the schools in his district would be enhanced by the diminution of its area. Mr. Arnold's last report on the British and Foreign Training School, indicates that a further economy is not only feasible, but requisite. He says: The parents of these children (those in British and Foreign schools) would not willingly consent that their daughters' school time should be taken up with learning the details of practical housekeeping. In this middling class of society girls grow up, no doubt, with a lamentable ignorance of these details. So they do in the richer classes; and, in the richer classes, one hears people sometimes lament that girls are not taught to bake, to cook, and to wash. But these very people would be indignant if they found that their daughters' school time was actually occupied with learning cookery or clear starching instead of languages or music. So it is with the middling class of society, from which British schools are mainly recruited. Doubtless girls in this class are ignorant of domestic economy; but this is not the ignorance which their parents send them to school to remove. Rightly or wrongly, they think that their position in life may enable them to dispense with a practical knowledge of any branch of industrial work except needlework, and to find others who will perform such work for them. What they want for their daughters, what they send them to school to acquire, is what is called a liberal education.' (Minutes, 1858-59, p. 344.) If it be true (and it is not easy to doubt Mr. Arnold's testimony), that the schools connected with the British and Foreign Society are filled mainly by children from the middle classes, it seems that much of the public money which was intended to educate the poor is applied to educate those who cannot perhaps be called rich, but who can still less be called poor. The better these primary schools become, the greater is the inducement to the middle classes to avail themselves of the advantages they afford at a very low rate. We think we have now indicated where considerable retrenchments might be made, consistently with improved efficiency. The great necessity is, however, to improve the education in the schools, and adapt it chiefly to the uses of the labourer and artisan. This is of an importance precedent to that of filling or of multiplying schools. Far more attention should be paid to this fact than it has yet received. The general complaint that children misemploy the short period during which they are at school in learning what can be of no use, and that they leave it nearly ignorant of what is useful, and without aptitude or inclination for labour-life, is by no means unfounded. classes of society for which these schools are intended, live not so much by their heads as by their hands, and nothing can conduce more to their success in life than to be made to acquire that manual dexterity which distinguishes the skilled from the unskilled workman. But very little of this kind of instruction is at present attempted. The We trust that this grave fault will be canvassed by the Royal Commission. From the character and abilities of the men who compose it, the country naturally expects a comprehensive and well-digested exposition of the whole matter, both as regards the present state and shortcomings of education, the administration of state aid, and the means of furthering future progress. It will thus be scarcely reasonable to expect the Commissioners to report until this year is far advanced, and perhaps too late in the Session for any legislative measure. But we do not see the necessity for legislation. If the grants can be kept nearly at the present amount by means of judicious rearrangements, entirely within the power of the Minutes of the Committee of Council, as we firmly believe they may,-the public are not likely to rebel against powers thus exercised. The Committee of Council has deserved well of the country: and neither experience nor inclination are wanting to enable them materially to enhance the value of their grants, and of their inspection. There is at present no nodus which requires the interposition of a higher power: and we deprecate any such disruption in the present system as might affect the peacefulness of action on which educational progress depends. ART. IV. 1. The Celt, the Roman, and the Saxon; a History of the Early Inhabitants of Britain. By THOMAS WRIGHT, Esq. London: 1852. 2. Treatise on the Local Nomenclature of the Anglo-Saxons, as exhibited in the Codex Diplomaticus Evi Saxonici. Translated from the German of Professor HEINRICH LEO. London: 1852. 3. An Account of the Scotland, and Ireland. London. 1 vol. 8vo. Danes and Norwegians in England, IN most of the countries of modern Europe, the existing names of places furnish valuable evidence for the use of every student of history and ethnology.* Remains more or less extensive of an aboriginal race, of Roman conquerors, and of subsequent invaders, strangers to the Roman language and civilisation, are found in the local nomenclature of every country of Western Europe. Both in England and in France, the names bestowed by the old Celtic population on many great natural objects, and on numerous towns, are still preserved, notwithstanding all the subsequent revolutions which have taken place in each of those countries; and in Britain, each successive wave of conquest or colonisation has left a permanent trace of its effects in this local nomenclature. We shall point out some of these effects, as produced by the Roman occupation; by the several incursions of Angles and Saxons, soon after Britain ceased to be a Roman province; by the subsequent inroads of Danes or Northmen; and last of all, by the great Norman Conquest. Such, and so varied, are the sources from which the English people derives its origin : 'Sic fortis Etruria crevit, Scilicet, et rerum facta est pulcerrima Roma.' In an early period of the world's history, nations fondly imagined, like the Athenians in the age of Pericles, that they were autochthons, indigenous inhabitants of the land in which they Our readers will perceive that the present article is the complement of an ingenious paper on English Surnames,' published five years ago in this journal. (Ed. Rev., vol. ci. p. 347.) In laying before them this continuation of the subject, we regret to add that it is a posthumous publication of its accomplished and lamented author. (Editor's Note.) lived. But every one knows the fusion of races by which the existing population of England has been produced; and it must be admitted, that any investigation which tends to assign to each race its due share in this fusion, is likely to prove both interesting and instructive. Almost all the family names now extant amongst us in England, have arisen subsequently to the Norman Conquest; most of our local names have a much higher antiquity. Of the names contained in Sir Henry Spelman's 'Villare Anglicanum,' the greater part are now more than a thousand years old; and very few of them are more recent than the 13th century. A large proportion of these names belong to small and obscure places. Great as is the antiquity and permanence of our local names, whether those of parishes and vills, or of still smaller divisions and objects, the local names of the south of France and of Italy are for the most part of a still higher antiquity. It is undoubted, that at the present day many farms in Italy, and in the south of France, preserve the names by which the Roman agrimensor knew them nearly two thousand years ago. We shall now proceed, without further preface, to consider in turn each of these deposits or strata, still to be traced in the nomenclature of the soil. I. Of the Albion or Britannia described by Greek and Roman writers, in what may be called Celtic times, it will not be necessary to dwell at any length. And yet in the local names of England under Queen Victoria, are found many words which must have been familiar to the contemporaries of Queen Boadicea. Ancient British names are still traceable in the names of some of our towns and villages, and are retained generally, even at the present day, by great natural objects, such as rivers and mountains. Such great objects themselves survive the shock of revolutions, and while they enjoy their own perpetual youth, their first names pass untranslated into the mouths of the strangers who have expelled or subdued the aboriginal inhabitants of the land. Thames and Tamar, Avon and Severn, Cam and Isis, Ouse and Derwent, Aire and Calder, Wye or Way, Medlock and Lune, are instances of such primeval names, still preserved amongst us. The Yare or Gar, from which Garienonum, and the Γαρῥυενου ποταμου ἐκβολαι οι Ptolemy were named, has since aided in designating Yarmouth and Yarborough. Another river of the same name gives us Yarcombe, in Dorsetshire, and the same word is found in the Garumna or Garonne of a kindred Celtic race across the Channel. The Irwell, in Lancashire, although at first sight it presents an Anglo-Saxon appearance, is yet of purely Celtic VOL. CXI. NO. CCXXVI. B B origin, being compounded of ir, fresh, and gwili, a name for a winding stream, still found in Wales. The town at the mouth of the Gwili has, as might be expected, a purely British name, Aber-gwili, corresponding to other Welsh names, e. g. Aber-avon, Aber-dare, Aber-gavenny, Aber-rystwith. This Cymric word Aber, denoting the mouth of a river, or a confluence of waters, the commencement of so many local names in Wales, is one of several indications, showing the dialectic differences between the Cymric and the Gaelic branches of the Celtic race, by which Britain was once peopled. The corresponding Gaelic term is Inver; and it is observable there is not a single local name beginning with Aber in Ireland, in the Hebrides, or on the west coast of Scotland. Aber is, however, found along the east coast of Scotland, and, with other considerations, serves to show that the Cymry once inhabited all the eastern coast of Britain. Their name is still indicated in Cumberland, where it was left by them on their final expulsion into Wales. This Cumbrian district extended northward as far as the Clyde, and its two chief towns were, in the north Dun-breton (Dumbarton), and in the south the Roman Luguballium, translated Caerluel (Carlisle). In Cumberland we find Penrith, Penruddock, and other names of places owing to the Cumbrian population, and showing the permanence of their settlement there. It has been supposed that the river Humber may have given its name, which, by a not uncommon change, is also Cumber, to the tribe inhabiting its banks, just as the Italian river Umbro gave its name to the Umbrians. Milton certainly spoke somewhat loosely 'Of Humber loud, that keeps the Scythian's name.' When the Cumbrians had thus given their own name to Cumberland, the more southern Britons received a new name from the invading Angle and the Saxon, and became Brit-Wealas or Weales, 'strangers;' just as the Teutonic race called other races with whom they came in contact on the Continent, Welsche or Walloons. The third separate section of the British race, when driven towards the western extremity of the island, became distinguished by their invaders from other Wealas or Welsh, by the new name of Cornwealas, and their land became Cornwall. Some of the names of rivers in England are better explained by the Gaelic than by the Welsh tongue. For instance, Ere and Are, are considered by very competent authority, as radically the same with the Irish word Uisge, Whisky, water, which also occurs in the Highland Usquebaugh, synonymous with aqua vitæ or eau de vie. Our existing local nomenclature, therefore, indicates that even in England, both |