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had this latter object in view; because, although he felt himself bound to show some respect to the memory of the Primate, he hated his connexions, and meant to punish them under cover of a public compliment. At all events, it was an odd species of kindness in the head of a great nation to issue orders for a public funeral, and to leave half of the expense undefrayed.

The attempt to found a university at Durham, and to secure a revenue for it from the funds of the Bishop and Chapter, received the countenance of Cromwell; but was, in the end, successfully opposed by Oxford and Cambridge, on the usual grounds, that the kingdom did not require a third seat of learning, and that the power of conferring degrees would interfere with their privileges and vested rights. The warrant issued for this purpose under the Privy Seal of the Lord Protector, is to be found in the Historical Collections of Peck, constituting the Appendix to his Memoirs of Cromwell; and some reasons against the increase of such institutions are recorded in a note at the bottom of this page, as being too remarkable to be altogether omitted.*

"From thence (Lieutenant Dove's house, where they had a meeting) we came to Durham, where was a man come down from London to set up a college there, to make ministers of Christ, as they said. I went, with some others, to reason with the man, and to let him see, 'That to teach men Hebrew, Greek, and Latin, and the seven arts -which was all but the teachings of the natural manwas not the way to make them ministers of Christ; for the languages began at Babel; and to the Greeks that spoke Greek as their mother tongue, the cross of Christ

Except his letters and speeches, I know not that Cromwell has bequeathed to posterity any literary production. A sermon, indeed, which bears his name, has appeared in print; but whether it be authentic, and was published with his

was foolishness and to the Jews that spake Hebrew as their mother tongue, Christ was a stumbling-block. And as for the Romans, who had the Latin and Italian, they persecuted the Christians; and Pilate, one of the Roman governors, set Hebrew, Greek, and Latin a-top of Christ when he crucified him. So he might see the many languages began at Babel, and they set them a-top of Christ THE WORD, when they crucified him. And John the divine, who preached the word that was in the beginning, said, that the Beast and the Whore have power over tongues and languages, and they are as waters. Thus, I told him he might see the Beast and the Whore have power over the tongues and the many languages, which are in mystery Babylon, for they began at Babel; and the persecutors of Christ Jesus set them over Him, when he was crucified by them. But he is risen over them all, who was before them all. Now, (said I to this man,) dost thou think to make ministers of Christ by these natural confused languages, which sprang from Babel, are admired in Babylon, and set a-top of Christ, the Life, by a persecutor? Oh no! So the man confest to many of these things.' Then we shewed him farther, That Christ made ministers himself, and gave gifts unto them, and bid them pray to the Lord of the harvest to send forth labourers. And Peter and John, though unlearned and ignorant, (as to school learning,) preached Christ Jesus the WORD, which was in the beginning before Babel was. Paul also was made an apostle, not of man, nor by man, neither received he the gospel from man, but from Jesus Christ, who is the same now, and so is his Gospel, as it was that day.' When we had thus discoursed with the man he became very loving and tender, and after he had considered further of it, he never set up his college."From G. Fox his Journal, folio, p. 281, anno 1657.

consent, are points which cannot now be established. Dr Grey, in his notes to Hudibras, states that he had the Protector's sermon in his possession, the title of which was "Cromwell's Learned, Devout, and Conscientious Exercise, held at Sir Peter Temple's in Lincoln's-InnFields, upon Romans, xiii. 1." It admits of no doubt, however, that he frequently preached, and took great pleasure in that part of his military duty; and, accordingly, when an article was inserted in the Petition and Advice against "public preachers being members of Parliament," he expressly opposed it; stating that he himself "was one, and diverse officers of the army, by whom much good had been done." By giving money, therefore, he conferred upon science and education the only patronage that an illiterate ruler can bestow.

Rulers

In conclusion, it may be remarked, that the Life of Cromwell holds forth many lessons of practical wisdom to all orders of men. may learn from it, that the oldest and most firmly established governments cannot resist the united voice of the people, whensoever they are taught to believe that their rights are withheld, or that undue burdens are laid upon their shoulders. The community may perceive, from the various events which compose it, that the dissolution of civil authority almost inevitably leads to the triumph of armed force, and that the advocates of speculative freedom seldom fail to become the instruments or the victims of arbitrary power. Finally, the adventurer cannot but be convinced, by the rise of Oliver, and the precarious position in which, after all his la

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LIFE OF OLIVER CROMWELL.

bours, he found himself placed, that no degree of violence can long suppress the original attachments of a great nation, or scatter the elements which constituted the primitive forms of their society.

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NOTICE.

THE first two articles in the Appendix did not come into my possession until after the first volume was printThey respect the invasion of Scotland by Cromwell in the year 1648, and are important, as they tend to illustrate his military character, and the excellent discipline which he kept up in his army. They have not heretofore been published. The reader is indebted for them to the politeness of Mr Macdonald, of the General Register House of Scotland, where the original letters are deposited.

The "Grant" of L. 200 per annum to the University of Edinburgh, dated at Hampton Court, in July 1658, is a copy of the original MS. which is to be found in the same depository. The document is interesting, not only on account of its object, but more especially as it shows that Oliver, in his latter days, considered himself Protector of the three kingdoms, "by the grace of God." I am not aware that this paper has ever before been printed. It was written about six weeks prior to the death of Cromwell.

For a copy of the Deed conferring a similar donation on the University of Glasgow by Charles the First, but which was actually paid by the Protector, I am under an obligation to the Reverend Doctor Lee, whose knowledge of Scottish History and Antiquities has contributed so much to the elucidation of our national annals in church and state.

Another original document appears in the Letter by General Monk to the Sheriff of Renfrewshire, announcing the death of the Lord Protector. This the reader owes to the kind condescension of the Scottish Society of Anti

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