1832]

quite a large army; yet they succeeded in collecting only a small fraction of the total sum assessed, and even that at a cost far exceeding the amount collected. Hundreds of the Protestant clergy received little or nothing, and were reduced to destitution, seldom through any fault of their own, for they were the victims of an unjust and unwise institution; and the Government had to come to their relief by advancing a million on loan. At length, some years later (1838), the tithes were put on the landlords instead of the tenants, which terminated the tithe war.

AUTHORITIES.-1815-1832.

GENERAL HISTORY.

Sir Spencer Walpole, History of England from the Conclusion of the Great War in 1815; Harriet Martineau, History of the Peace; May, Constitutional History; Justin McCarthy, Modern England; Fyffe, Modern Europe; Debidour, Histoire Diplomatique de l'Europe; Molesworth, History of the Reform Bill; Wheeler, History of India; Duke of Buckingham, Memoirs of the Court of the Regency; Correspondence of William IV. and Earl Grey; Le Strange, Correspondence of Earl Grey and Mme. de Lieven; Greville, Memoirs; Croker Papers; Pellew, Life of Lord Sidmouth; Twiss, Life of Lord Eldon; Alison, Lives of Lord Londonderry and Sir C. Stewart; Yonge, Life of Lord Liverpool; Stapylton, George Canning and His Times and Canning's Speeches: Peel, Memoirs and his Correspondence, edited by C. S. Parker; Herries, Life of J. C. Herries; Torrens, Life of Lord Melbourne; Sanders, Melbourne Papers; Sir D. Le Marchant, Life of Lord Althorp; Brougham's Life and Times; Spencer Walpole, Life of Lord John Russell; The Creevey Papers, 1903; Fitzpatrick, O'Connell's Correspondence; Metternich, Memoirs; E. Porritt, The Unreformed House of Commons, 1903, gives a full account of the conditions of Parliamentary representation in the three Kingdoms before the Reform Act.

SPECIAL SUBJECTS.

Naval History and Church History.-See list appended to ch. xxiv.

Literature, 1815-1885.-Saintsbury, Nineteenth Century Literature, for the subject generally. In poetry the growth of Tennyson's genius is lucidly exhibited in Mr. Arthur Waugh's Tennyson: A Study of his Life and Work. For an acute and valuable, though not unprejudiced, criticism of Macaulay's prose style, chap. ii. of the late J. Cotter Morrison's Macaulay (“English Men of Letters" Series) may be consulted with advantage; and an appreciation of Carlyle's literary characteristics, and of his past and present relation to the thought of the age, will be found in the introduction to the Centenary Edition of his works.

Geology, 1815-1885.-Besides the more special works mentioned in the text, the following will be found useful:-J. Playfair, Biographical Account of James Hutton; J. Phillips, Memoirs of William Smith; A. Geikie, Life of Sir Roderick J. Murchison, 2 vols.; J. W. Clark and T. McK. Hughes, Life and Letters of the Rev. Adam Sedgwick, 2 vols.; Life, Letters, and Journal of Sir C. Lyell, edited by Mrs. Lyell, 2 vols. ; T. G. Bonney, Lyell and Modern Geology; A. Geikie, Life of Sir A. Ramsay, and Letters of J. B. Jukes; F. Darwin, Life and Letters of Charles Darwin, 3 vols.; W. D. Conybeare and W. Phillips, Outline of the Geology of England and Wales; H. B. Woodward, The Geology of England and Wales. The details of the development of the subject will be found in the publications of the Geological Society; first in the Transactions (1811-56), and the Proceedings (1826-45), and then in the Quarterly Journal (vol. i., 1845). To these may be added Memoirs and other publications of the Geological Survey, and the annual volume of the Palaeontological Society. Art, Chemistry, Textiles.-See chaps. xxii., xxiii, and xxiv. respectively. Medicine.-The General History of Medicine in the earlier part of the century may be read in Clarke's Autobiographical Recollections of the Medical Profession (1874, II.); in Dr. C. J. B. Williams' Memorials of Life and Work, 1881; and in Sir Robert Christison's Life, ed. by his sons (1885-86). The condition of the schools of anatomy before the passing of the Anatomy Act is well described in Lonsdale's Life of Robert Knox. The professional reader may refer with advantage to the Report of the Select Committee on Anatomy (folio, 1832), and to J. Blake Bailey, Diary of a Resurrectionist (1896). The evil effects of intramural interment can only be adequately appreciated by reading the disgusting details given in the Report of the Select Committee upon the effect of the interment of bodies in Towns (1842). Sir Thomas Longmore has prefixed a short history of the Army Medical Service to his Manual of Ambulance Transport, ed. 2,

by Surg.-Capt. W. A. Morris, A.M.S., 1893. Sir John Simon has published an admirable history of English Sanitary Institutions (Lond., 1890); whilst the history of Dentistry has been written by Alfred Hill (Lond., 1877), and the history of the Medical Education of Women by Miss Sophia Jex-Blake (12mo, 1880).

Agriculture, 1802-1846.-William Cobbett, Tour in the Northern Counties, Rural Rides; Journal of the Royal Agricultural Society of England, 1st Series; Harriet Martineau, History of the Thirty Years' Peace; Sir George Nicholls, History of the English Poor Law, and On the Condition of the Agricultural Labourer; Sir Robert Peel, Speech on the Repeal of the Corn Laws in the House of Commons, 1846; G. R. Porter, Progress of the Nation, 1843; A. Prentice, History of the Anti-Corn-Law League; Reports of Select Committees on the Operation of the Poor Laws, 1817, 1834, 1844, and on Agriculture (see below); J. E. Thorold Rogers, History of Agriculture and Prices, and Six Centuries of Work and Wages; Russell M. Garnier, History of the English Landed Gentry, and Annals of the British Peasantry.

Economic History, 1802-1885.-The most important materials are to be found in Reports of various Parliamentary Committees and Commissions, especially on Agriculture in 1821, 1822, and 1833; on Machinery in 1824; on the Poor Laws in 1821, 1834, 1843, 1845, 1847, and 1849; on Finance and Currency in 1819, 1828, and 1841; on Children in Factories, 1816, 1833, 1842, and 1883; on the Coal Trade in 1830, 1844, and 1871; on Framework Knitters in 1845; on Handloom Wearers in 1839 and 1840; on Joint Stock Companies in 1844. To the list given in Vol. V., p. 513, we may add S. and B. Webb, History of Trade Unions; Holyoake, History of Co-operation; Frome Wilkinson, Friendly Societies; Goschen, Foreign Exchanges, and the works on Economics by Mill, Marshall, Walker, Cairns, Jevons, Bagehot, etc. There are many important papers in the Journal of the Statistical Society, but any adequate list of authorities would occupy more space than can be afforded here.

Social Life and Scottish History.-See ch. xxiii. For the society of this period, Ashton, Social England under the Regency, will be found useful. Ireland.-See ch. xxiv.

152

SANDERS.
Political
History.

CHAPTER XXII.

THE NEW SPIRIT AND THE NEW PATHS. 1832-1846.

LLOYD C. THE troubles of the Grey Ministry by no means ended with the reform of Parliament. The new House was eager for further changes, but the Government, confused by conflicting demands and divided against itself, introduced large and illconsidered Bills. Ireland, besides, blocked the way to English legislation. More formidable than O'Connell's Repeal agitation was the war against tithes (p. 148), supported by organised outrage. After a disastrous attempt to collect the unpopular tax itself the Government passed a Composition Bill, which by securing the advances to the Irish clergy on a land tax invited further resistance to the law. Lord Althorp's Irish Church Bill, again, was reduced to a disappointing fragment, which suppressed a few sees and docked the incomes of others. He dropped the Appropriation clause, permitting the use of surplus moneys for secular purposes. The terrific indictment of O'Connell by the Chief Secretary, Lord Stanley, secured the passage of a drastic Irish Coercion Bill, but he was shortly afterwards transferred to the Colonial Office to mollify the resentment of the Liberator.

Emancipation of the Slaves.

Finance

in 1833.

Stanley proceeded to carry a Bill abolishing slavery in the West Indies. A plan for gradual admission to freedom had been tried, but neither planters nor negroes accepted it loyally, and it was far from satisfying Sir Thomas Fowell Buxton and his fellow-enthusiasts. Stanley's Bill secured immediate freedom for all children of six years of age and under. The rest were to serve a twelve years' apprenticeship; but this expedient was abandoned after four years' disheartening experiment. The planters received the comfortable compensation of £20,000,000.

Lord Althorp bungled his Budget, being defeated on a motion. for the reduction of the malt tax by one-half. He was driven to threaten the House with a general property and income

1832-1846)

tax, and Opposition votes turned the scale. The Government, however, renewed its contract with the Bank of England for twenty-one years, and made bank-notes legal tender, in spite of an irrational outcry against the possible depreciation of paper.

The session of 1834 found the Grey Ministry tottering. A New Lord Durham, after insulting his father-in-law, had resigned Ministry. because it was not sufficiently Radical. There followed the

retirement of Stanley and the more Conservative members,

who were frightened by a motion of Mr. Ward's on the Irish Church, embodying the principle of the Appropriation clause. Finally, the meddlesomeness of Lord Brougham and the blundering indiscretion of Mr. Littleton, the new Chief Secretary for Ireland, produced hopeless mismanagement over the renewal of the Irish Coercion Act. Lord Althorp persisted in resigning, and in July Lord Grey declared the administration at an end.

On Lord Melbourne, who judiciously declined to form a Coalition Cabinet with Peel and Stanley, fell the thankless task of patching together the old Cabinet, with the assistance of Althorp. Before the prorogation of Parliament the Bill for the reform of the Poor Law passed (p. 302). It dealt with a rate