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[1832-1846

of one particular crop, the country produced ample food for its population in these two years without the importation of one ounce of provision; and during the whole time that the people were perishing of starvation, scores of ships left the Irish ports every day for England laden with corn. The repeal of the Corn Laws in 1846 never touched the famine, for the good reason that, so far as corn was concerned, Ireland was an exporting, not an importing, country. It was

a boon to the English people, who live mostly in cities and towns chiefly by manufactures; but the only result for Ireland was the ultimate ruin of one of its main industries, corn-growing, and of all those depending on it.

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AUTHORITIES.-1832-1846.

GENERAL HISTORY.

Wheeler, History of India; Kaye, Afghan War; Gammage, History of Chartism; Sir C. G. Duffy, Young Ireland: Correspondence of William IV. and Earl Grey; Sir T. Martin, Life of the Prince Consort; Torrens, Life of Lord Melbourne; Sanders, Melbourne Papers; Sir D. Le Marchant, Life of Lord Althorp; Brougham, Life and Times; Spencer Walpole, Life of Lord John Russell; Fitzpatrick, O'Connell's Correspondence; Dalling and Ashley, Life of Lord Palmerston; Lord Hatherton, Memoir and Correspondence; Peel, Memoirs; John Morley, Life of Cobden; Disraeli, Life of Lord George Bentinck and Letters to his Sister (London, 1886); Hodder, Life of Lord Shaftesbury; Sir A. Gordon, The Earl of Aberdeen; Metternich, Memoirs; Guizot, Histoire de Dix Ans; John Morley, Life of Gladstone, 1903. See also list appended

to ch. xxi.

SPECIAL SUBJECTS.

Naval History and Church History.-See list appended to ch. xxiv.

History of Nonconformity, 1815-1885.-Dr. Stoughton, Religion under the Georges, vol. ii.; Priestley's Works; J. J. Tayler, Retrospect of Religions Life in England; McCrie, Annals of English Presbyterianism; Waddington, Congregational History, vol. iv.; Skeats's History of the Free Churches, 1688-1891, second edition; Tyerman, Life of John Wesley; Smith, History of Wesleyan Methodism; F. Storrs Turner, The Quakers, 1889; Bost, History of the Bohemian and Moravian Brethren; Mrs. Oliphant, Life of Edward Irving.

Literature. See list appended to ch. xxi.

Art, 1815-1846.-R. and S. Redgrave, A Century of Painters; E. Chesneau, La Peinture Anglaise; Lives of Constable by Leslie and Brock-Arnold; F. G. Stephens, Memoirs of Sir E. Landseer; Hodgson, Fifty Years of British Art; F. Wedmore, Studies in English Art; T. H. Ward, English Art in the Public Galleries; articles in the Dictionary of National Biography; E. T. Cook, Handbook to the National Gallery. All the pictures in the National and Tate Galleries are reproduced in the Nation's Pictures and the National Gallery (Cassell).

Astronomy, Physics, Chemistry, Mining-See lists appended to chap. xxiv.

The Railway System of England.—The best general histories are:-Smiles, Lares of George and Robert Stephenson, 1868; Francis, History of the English Railways, 1851; Williams, Our Iron Roads, 1888; Acworth, The Railways of England, 1900; Acworth, The Railways of Scotland, 1890. Of books dealing with railway policy or law we may mention:-Hadley, Railroad Transportation, 1885; C. F. Adams, Railroads and Railway Questions, 1878 (American authors); Cohn, Untersuchungen über die Englischen Eisenbahn-politik (German); Colson, Transports et Tarifs (French), Paris, 1890; Browne and Theobald, Law of Railways, 1888; Traffic Acts of 1888 and 1894, and Provisional Orders of 1891 and 1892. Miscellaneous :-Findlay, Working and Management of an English Railway, 1889; Pearson-Pattinson, British Railways, 1893; Pendleton, Our Railways, 1894; Acworth, The Railways and the Traders, 1891; Grierson, Railway Rates English and Foreign, 1886; Hole, National Railways, 1893; Chambers, About Railways, 1865; Martin, Diaries of Sir D. Gooch, 1892; Foxwell and Farrer, Express Trains, English and Foreign, 1889; Head, Stokers and Pokers, 1861; Sekon, History of the Great Western Railway, 1894; Williams, The Midland Railway, 1888; Fay, A Royal Road, History of the London and South-Western Railway, 1883. For the Parliamentary Reports, see Index to Parliamentary Papers. Irish railways are entirely excluded from the section, their history being so totally different.

Prison Discipline, etc.-Transportation: Histories of New South Wales by Collins and Laing; Parliamentary Reports, especially the Report of the Royal Commissions

on Transportation 1836, on Transportation and Penal Servitude 1862; De Haussonville, Colonization Pénale; Griffiths, Memorials of Millbank.

Agriculture and Economic History.-See ch. xxi.

Social Life, 1815-1885: General. Memoirs: of Greville, Crabb Robinson, Gronow, Raikes, Croker, and Abraham Hayward; books by Madden and Molloy on Lady Blessington; Jesse, Beau Brummel; Jordan, Autobiography; Lord William Lennox, Reminiscences and Recollections; Miss Martineau, Autobiography; Miss Edgeworth's Letters, ed. by Hare; Lockhart, Life of Scott; Albemarle, Fifty Years of my Life; Grantley Berkeley, Recollections; Planché, Recollections; Princess Marie of Liechtenstein, Holland House; J. Ashton, Social Life under the Regency and When William IV. was King; Besant, Fifty Years Ago (Crimean War period); observations of foreigners, e.g. Works of N. P. Willis; Hawthorne, English Note Book; De Levis, L'Angleterre au Commencement du XIXme Siècle; L. G. von Raumer, England in 1835, trans. by S. Austin; Alphonse Esquiros, The English at Home; Lives of Sydney Smith, Moore, Rogers, Macaulay, etc. The Court.Lady Charlotte Bury, Diary of the Life and Times of George IV.; Duke of Buckingham, Memoirs of George IV.; P. Fitzgerald, Life of William IV.; Lady Bloomfield, Reminiscences of Court Life; Rush, Residence at the Court of London; Sir Theodore Martin, Life of the Prince Consort; Queen Victoria's Journals. Dress.-Punch (from 1840); Georgiana Hill, History of English Dress. Cookery.-D. Jerrold, Epicure's Year Books; A. Hayward, The Art of Dining; Kitchener, The Cook's Oracle; Eliza Acton, Modern Cookery; Jeaffreson, The Book of the Table. The Theatre.-Westland Marston, Our Recent Actors; William Archer in Ward, Reign of Queen Victoria; also his About the Theatre, and English Dramatists of To-day; Henry Morley, Journal of a London Playgoer; Barry Cornwall, Kean; J. W. Cole, Charles Kean; Sir F. Pollock, Macready; Dutton Cook, Nights at the Play; Pascoe, Dramatic List. The Temperance Movement.-Graham, Temperance Guide; R. V. French, Nineteen Centuries of Drink; Papers by Dawson Burns and Professor Leone Levi in the Journal of the Statistical Society (London, 1872 and 1875). Spiritualism.—The Works of D. D. Home and A. Russell Wallace; R. D. Owen, Footfalls on the Boundary of Another World; T. A. Trollope, Incidents of My Life; Mrs. De Morgan, From Matter to Spirit; Mrs. Britten-Hardinge, Nineteenth Century Miracles; Proceedings of the Psychical Society; various works on the subject by "M.A. Oxon."; the periodical Light. Newspapers. -Hatton Journalistic London; James Grant, The Newspaper Press; Quarterly Review, October, 1880, p. 498, seq.; Mitchell's Newspaper Press Directory. The Post-Office. -Rowland Hill, Post-Office Reforms (1837); Life of Sir Rowland Hill, by Sir Rowland Hill and George Birkbeck Hill; Baines, Forty Years at the Post-Office. On Postage Stamps, see The Philatelic Record; Westoby, Descriptive Catalogue; Philbrick and Westoby, Postage Stamps. Police.Colquhoun, The Police of the Metropolis; Maitland, Justice and Police ("English Citizen" Series); Reports of Committees of the House of Commons.

Scottish and Irish History.-See chaps. xiv. and xxiii. respectively.

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SANDERS.

AFTER the fall of Sir Robert Peel, Lord John Russell, having LLOYD Cmade futile overtures to the Peelites and Mr. Cobden, con- Political structed a Whig Ministry. Except for Lord Palmerston, who History. again became Foreign Secretary, it contained few elements of strength. Lord Grey swallowed his scruples and went to the Colonial Office. Lord Lansdowne was President of the Council, Sir Charles Wood Chancellor of the Exchequer, Sir George Grey Home Secretary, and Macaulay, Paymaster of the Forces.

Famine.

The potato crop had failed again in Ireland, and famine was The Irish upon the country with pestilence in its train (p. 339). The measures adopted to meet the crisis were better in intention than in result. The Government started relief-works of a public character, such as road-making. Unfortunately, no control was exercised over the 600,000 applicants, and the grossest abuses prevailed on the part of contractors and labourers. The suggestion of the Lord Lieutenant, Lord Bessborough, that the people should be employed on works intended to improve private property, was only partially carried out. With the fear of the Manchester School before his eyes, Lord John allowed wheat to be exported from Ireland (p. 340), and left the food-supply to the ordinary channels. Tradespeople, therefore, made fortunes while the peasantry starved. Awakened at length, the Government suspended the remaining duties on corn, and distributed food through the agency of local committees. It also relaxed the Poor Law by permitting outdoor relief to the able-bodied paupers. Lord George Bentinck's scheme for building State railways, however, was rejected on inadequate grounds.

Private generosity came to the rescue of the Government, and at last the famine was stayed. But it had left bitter memories behind it. The modification of the Poor Law had encouraged the landlords to evict, and added to the crowds of

Eviction and Land Reform.

[1846

reluctant emigrants. Nor was the Encumbered Estates Act, which came in 1849 as a finishing touch to Lord John Russell's Irish policy, altogether a success. It got rid of bankrupt landlords, but it established an unsympathetic class in their stead (p. 516).

Lord Palmerston returned to the Foreign Office with the

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Foreign

Policy.

LORD GEORGE BENTINCK, AFTER SAMUEL LANE.
(By permission of the Corporation of King's Lynn.)

full intention of having his own way. He soon found himself at
issue with Guizot and Louis Philippe over the Spanish marriages

a squalid intrigue by which the French king contrived to secure Bourbon husbands for Queen Isabella and her sister. When it succeeded, he informed the French Ambassador that the entente cordiale was at an end, because France neither wished for cordiality nor an understanding. He protested against the annexation of Cracow by Austria; he employed the British fleet to put down a revolutionary movement in Portugal; he despatched Lord Minto to lecture the rulers of the various Italian

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