assailants and dispersed them with some loss of life. The ringleaders were tried and sentenced to death, but the sentence was commuted to transportation. Frost was released in 1854, and received a free pardon in 1856. He died in 1877. RELICS OF THE CHARTIST RIOT AT NEWPORT The inn door and windows were broken in with mandrils and pikes. Some of the rioters carried scythe blades fixed on sticks, others bludgeons. The bow windows enabled the troops to deliver a raking fire on the rioters, which dispersed them at once. The mayor was slightly wounded, it was thought by slugs. JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, FIRST LORD DURHAM, BY SIR T. LAWRENCE "A MODERN CERES": PEEL'S CORN LAW OF 1842 Punch, February 26, 1842. The horn of plenty is padlocked. Under the "sliding scale," the duty fell as the price of wheat rose, and corn was imported and warehoused until the state of the market encouraged the holders to enter it for home consumption. The fluctuations in price were therefore intensified. Peel's Act attempted (ineffectually) to meet this defect. THE FREE TRADE HARVEST HOME (Punch, May 30, 1846) UNIFORMS OF 86TH REGT., 1842, AND 19TH REGT., 1848 to face The Nineteenth or First Yorkshire North Riding Regiment, formed in 1688, served in the War of Succession, the Seven Years' War, at the capture of Seringapatam in 1796, and in the Crimea. The EightySixth or Royal County Down Regiment was raised in 1793, originally in Shropshire, and served in the Mahratta War and at the capture of Mauritius. It became the second battalion of the Royal Irish Rifles under Mr. Cardwell's scheme. UNIFORMS OF THE SEVENTH HUSSARS AND NINTH LANCERS PAGE 161 162 165 167 168 170, 171 The Ninth or Queen's Own Lancers, so called after Queen Adelaide, was raised in Ireland in 1813, served against the Pretender and in the Irish Rebellion, in the Peninsular War, the Sikh War, and the Indian Mutiny. The 7th Hussars, raised in 1689, were at Dettingen, Waterloo, and Balaklava. "BROWN BESS" AND MINIE RIFLES . "Brown Bess" was the old smooth-bore flintlock, so-called, according to Murray's New English Dictionary, from its brown walnut stock. Rifles were used in the British army as early as 1680, when each troop of Life Guards had eight rifled carbines; in 1800 the 95th regt., afterwards the Rifle Brigade, was armed with them. The Minié rifle, the invention of Captain Minié of the French army, about 1837, was the first in which the bullet was expanded by the explosion to fit the rifling; the device was improved in the Enfield, adopted in the British army in 1853. THE SIKH WAR: BATTLE OF FEROZESHAH The Sikhs, after the battle of Moodkee, retired to their entrenched camp at Ferozeshah, some twelve miles off. The British troops from Moodkee, together with those from the British post of Ferozepore, arrived before it at 3 p.m. on December 21, 1845, and, despite their considerable fatigue, engaged at once. They drove the Sikhs from their guns before nightfall, bivouacked before the camp, and though exposed to a heavy artillery fire in the night renewed the attack in the morning and captured the guns. Sikh reinforcements opened artillery fire after the battle was over, but the Sikhs decided to abandon all attempt at recovering the post. b-VOL. VI. 173 174 THE NAVY IN TRANSITION. The Fantôme was an 18-gun brig of 726 tons. designed by Sir W. Symonds, and launched about 1838, carrying 18 32-pounders and 148 officers and men. The Himalaya" (p. 182) was built in 1853 for the P. & O. Co., but bought as a troopship during the Crimean war, and constantly used in that capacity for some twenty years afterwards, making regular passages between England and Canada while troops were stationed in the Dominion. Her speed was high for the time (13 knots); her consumption of coal, however, would have precluded her profitable employment in the merchant service. 340 ft. long and 46 ft. broad. THE NAVE, RIPON CATHEDRAL. She was The church was a collegiate church, belonging originally to a monastery founded about 660, and containing at present work of all periods, beginning with its Saxon crypt. The nave was built in the fourteenth century, the ceiling is modern. The boundaries of the see were modified by the institution of the diocese of Wakefield in 1878. LORD JOHN RUSSELL AND THE ECCLESIASTICAL TITLES BILL Regarded as one of the best "hits" in the history of Punch. The THE REV. JOHN KEBLE, BY GEORGE RICHMOND, R.A. (drawn in 1863) Painted in 1889, the year before his death. He was born in 1801. The artist is described in Graves's Dictionary of Artists, 1760-1893, as having exhibited miniatures at the Royal Academy between 1879 and 1892. THE REV. F. W. FABER JOSEPH BLANCO WHITE The grandson of an Irish merchant established in Spain, for which reason the name had been translated into Blanco. He had been educated for the priesthood, but had left it and escaped to England in 1810, and for a time had been an Anglican clergyman. He was a member of the Oriel College Common Room while studying at Oxford, but left the city soon after Whately, to whose sons he acted as tutor. He became a Unitarian in 1835. EDWARD BOUVERIE PUSEY, D.D., BY GEORGE RICHMOND, R.A. LITTLEMORE CHURCH, NEAR OXFORD PAGE 179 183 185 187 188 189 191 192 193 195 Built under Newman's auspices, and one of the first results of the "Gothic revival" combined with the Oxford movement. HURSLEY CHURCH AND RECTORY 195 Keble succeeded his father as Vicar of Hursley in 1835, and held the living (with Otterbourne) till his death in 1866. KEBLE'S RESTING PLACE, HURSLEY CHURCHYARD, HANTS 197 The graves of the poet and his wife. JOSEPH STURGE, AFTER A. RIPPINGILLE. A leading member of the Society cf Friends and an eminent philan thropist. His investigations of the "apprenticeship system," which 199 followed the abolition of slavery in the West Indies, led to its discontinuance. He strongly supported both the anti-Corn law movement and the Chartist movement for the extension of the franchise, but eventually found it impossible to support Chartism. He was president of the Peace Society and a conspicuous citizen of Birmingham. ALEXANDER KILHAM CONVENTION OF THE ANTI-SLAVERY SOCIETY,. BY B. R. HAYDON Thomas Clarkson is speaking, his hand raised to heaven as he implores a blessing on the labours of the Congress. His daughterin-law and her son are conspicuous on his right; next to them G. W. Alexander (with the MS.), treasurer of the Anti-Slavery Society. Samuel Gurney, W. Allen, and Stacy are in front of the treasurer. Among the 130 persons depicted are Joseph Sturge, William Forster, Sir T. F. Buxton, O'Connell, Wendell Phillips, the American abolitionist, the Rev. J. Angell James, Mrs. Lucretia Mott, a well-known American philanthropist, the Rev. Thomas Binney, a famous Nonconformist preacher, and two negro delegates from Jamaica. It is impossible to explain their positions here, but a full key to the picture is contained in the Catalogue of the National Portrait Gallery. EDWARD IRVING, BY JOSEPH SLATER THE CHANCEL, CATHOLIC APOSTOLIC CHURCH, ALBURY PARK The church was built in 1842, chiefly at the expense of Henry Drummond. M.P. In the early days of the Irvingites the six elders, with the "angel" in their midst, the seven prophets, and the seven deacons, sat in successive rows, each a step lower than that preceding it, on a platform at the upper end of the chapel. Afterwards the ritual became much more elaborate. On the Communion Table are flower vases and a tabernacle for the reserved Sacramental elements; the reservation, however, is merely for their administration to the sick, and has not the significance attributed to it by Roman Catholics and High Anglicans. JOHN NELSON DARBY. This portrait, for which the Editor has to thank Colonel Le Pelley, of St. Peter's-in-the-Wood, Guernsey, and John Hines, Esq., is taken from a drawing made by Mr. Edwin Oakley about 1891 from an old photograph. In F. W. Newman's Phases of Faith," 1850, pp. 27-45, a striking account is given both of Groves (see text) and of an Irish clergyman," who is clearly J. N. Darby, and who exercised great influence on the author for a time. Darby had injured his health by his apostolic exertions among the Wicklow peasantry, who, because of his zeal and his voluntary privations, regarded him as a saint; nevertheless he lived to visit America and New Zealand, and died at 82. THOMAS HOOD (artist unknown) FELICIA DOROTHEA HEMANS, BY ANGUS FLETCHER Mr. Theodore Watts, in the Magazine of Art. Vol. XVI., p. 42, says: "that the high quality of strangeness' [which Bacon regards as inseparable from the highest beauty] is found in some degree in this portrait, though its accuracy in the proportions of the features is questionable; still, it is stated to be a good likeness." PAGE 201 205 206 207 208 210 211 213 215 217 THOMAS CARLYLE, BY SIR J E. MILLAIS, BART., P.R.A. THE ATTIC STUDY, CARLYLE HOUSE, CHELSEA The room was meant to be sound-proof. Planned in 1843, it was built in 1853 at a cost of £169, when the noises which troubled the sage had become intolerable, and a long lease of the house had been secured. Distant sounds, however, not heard before, replaced the nearer disturbances from pianos, dogs, and "demon fowls." Portraits and some of Carlyle's books adorn the walls, while his study chair and inkstand are there. Two ventilators are above the fireplace. The original window, shut off by a door, is seen through the opening. CHARLES DICKENS IN 1855, BY ARY SCHEFFER PAGE 219 221 225 WILLIAM HARRISON AINSWORTH, BY D. MACLISE, R.A. 228 EDWARD BULWER, LORD LYTTON, BY D. MACLISE, R.A. 229 CAPTAIN FREDERICK MARRY AT (from a drawing by D'Orsay) 230 231 233 234 BENJAMIN DISRAELI, BY D. MACLISE, R.A. A VILLAGE CHOIR, BY THOMAS WEBSTER, R.A. ENTRANCE TO THE ZUYDER ZEE, TEXEL ISLAND, BY CLARKSON STAN- Exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1844. PEACE AND WAR, BY SIR EDWIN LANDSEER, P.R.A. Exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1846. ST. PANCRAS CHURCH (see text) FONTHILL ABBEY IN 1823 . The old house had been burnt down in 1755. Beckford's mansion, here shown, was built on another site. The central tower fell on December 21, 1825, destroying the whole of the western part of the abbey. The building was then sold and the ruins removed. THE HOUSES OF PARLIAMENT Sir Charles Barry's plan was selected as the best of 97 sent in. The building covers eight acres, and contains 11 courts, 100 staircases, and 1,109 rooms. The Clock Tower is 318 ft. high, the Middle Tower 300 ft., the Victoria Tower 340 ft. SIR GEORGE BIDDLE AIRY. THE ROYAL OBSERVATORY, CAPE TOWN Erected in 1825-29, about three-and-a-half miles from the town. According to the Encyclopædia Britannica the work done there has included the verification and extension of the arc of meridian, measured by Lacaille, also at Capetown in 1751-1753, and a catalogue of over 12,000 stars. DRAWINGS OF NEBULE, BY SIR JOHN HERSCHEL, BART. Philos. Trans., 1833, Pt. 2, Figs. 35 and 87. In the first the "resolvable knots" suggested to Sir W. Herschell an absorption of the nebulous matter; the latter is one of a series apparently resolvable into star-clusters. The reflecting telescope, 6 ft. aperture and 54 ft. focal length, was completed in 1845 at a cost of £20,000. Its construction is due to 235 237 239 241 242 243 245 247 William Parsons, third Earl of Rosse, who devoted a large part of his life to improving the manufacture of reflecting telescopes. This instrument was applied chiefly to the examination of nebulæ, and the important results attained included the discovery of the class of spiral nebulæ and the resolution of many nebulæ into star-clusters. THOMAS YOUNG, BY H. P. BRIGGS, R.A. . MICHAEL FARADAY, F.R.S., BY THOMAS PHILLIPS, R.A. SIR CHARLES WHEATSTONE, F.R.S., BY SAMUEL LAURENCE A drawing in chalk. Wheatstone is known also as the inventor of the stereoscope in 1838, and as the patentee, in conjunction with W. F. Cooke, of the first electric telegraph (1837). See p. 784 JAMES PRESCOTT JOULE, BY ALFRED GILBERT, R.A. A CHEMICAL LABORATORY IN 1832 . THOMAS GRAHAM, BY G. F. WATTS, R.A. SAMPLES OF WHEAT GROWN AT ROTHAMSTED, HERTS . The two divisions show specimens of the produce of the same plots of land under various manures for 1878 and 1899, the thirty-fifth and fifty-sixth successive years of cultivation. Taking the specimens in order from the left hand in each division, the first has been grown with farmyard manure at the rate of 14 tons per acre per annum; the next, without manure since 1839; the third, with 200 lb. of sulphate of potash, 100 lb. of sulphate of soda, 100 lb. of sulphate of magnesia, and 3 cwt. of superphosphate; the fourth, with these minerals, but with the addition of 200 lb. ammonium salts per acre per annum ; the fifth and sixth as the fourth, but with double and treble the amount of ammonium salts respectively; the seventh as the fourth, but with 550 lb. nitrate of soda per acre per annum. This quantity is reckoned equal to 400 lb. ammonium salts. PLAN OF THE SURREY IRON RAILWAY The line, planned by Mr. W. Jessop, a prominent engineer, was originally intended to connect London with Portsmouth, but it was always a financial failure, especially when the Croydon Canal, now replaced by the L. B. & S. C. main line, was opened in 1809. Eventually the extension from Croydon to Merstham was bought by the L. B. & S. C., and the company dissolved in 1839. The line from Wandsworth to Croydon was not taken up till 1848. The waggons generally belonged to private owners, and were drawn by horses, mules, or donkeys. (Engineer, January 19, 1900.) MODEL OF A SOUTH WALES BLAST FURNACE BEFORE 1850 The furnace was of massive masonry, with a lining of fire-brick blocks, separated from it by a layer of sand. Four arched openings were left at the base, one for the forehearth and tapping hole, three for tuyères, which were connected by a tunnel conveying the blast main; the ore and fuel were fed in at the top, through four openings in the tunnel head. A blowing engine supplied blast to two coldblast tuyères, through leather goosenecks," and to the third (hotblast) tuyère through a jointed cast-iron gooseneck The pipe-stove heated the blast to 370 centigrade. (Catalogue ut sup.) GEORGE STEPHENSON, AFTER H. P. BRIGGS, R.A. . PAGE 251 257 259 260 262 263 265 269 272 275 |