DAME COBDEN'S NEW PUPIL

The accompanying letterpress, written in the style of a first reading book, explains that Louis Napoleon visited a nice old lady called Cob-den, who liked teach-ing lit-tle boys how to play com-merce. Louis Napoleon was not quite so ignorant as this satire suggests, as he had lived in England and had made an attempt to reduce duties in 1856. But it is clear that Free Trade in France came from above, and was strongly opposed even in the Emperor's own Cabinet. Morley, Life of Cobden, I.

SEBASTOPOL IN 1854, AFTER W. TELBIN

THE CAVALRY CHARGE AT BALAKLAVA, OCTOBER 25, 1854

The British heavy cavalry had charged and driven back the Russians, who had previously captured four small redoubts with seven guns from the Turks. As the Russians were believed to be moving the guns. Lord Raglan sent a written order to Lord Lucan, commanding the Light Brigade of cavalry, to charge and check the movement. By the time the order reached Lord Lucan, the Russians had re-formed and the attackers were further flanked by artillery, riflemen, and infantry, on the hill-sides. Nevertheless Lord Lucan obeyed the order, and the Light Brigade charged right through the Russian army, sabred the gunners of the captured guns, and returned, the return being partly covered by a squadron of French chasseurs d'Afrique. See Kinglake, Invasion of the Crimea.

WINTER IN THE CRIMEA

FLORENCE NIGHTINGALE

Miss Nightingale had begun nursing in a Protestant sisterhood in Germany, and had applied her knowledge and power of organisation to reorganising an institution for governesses before going to the Crimea. She refused a testimonial of £50,000, and it was applied to founding a nursing institution at St. Thomas's Hospital. This bust was subscribed for in pence by the troops.

H.M.S. WARRIOR .

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Now (1904) a depôt ship for torpedo boats and destroyers; 9.210 tons.

CHARLOTTE BRONTË, AFTER GEORGE RICHMOND, R.A.

Reproduced as the frontispiece to her Life, by Mrs. Gaskell, 1857.

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GEORGE ELIOT, BY SIR FREDERICK W. BURTON, R.H.A. (Drawn in 1865)
THE TINTED VENUS, BY JOHN GIBSON, R.A. .

In the Diploma Gallery, Royal Academy. This statue, exhibited in the International Exhibition of 1862, was a replica of an uncoloured statue, but Gibson had long resided in Rome, and wrote in 1846 that he I could not bear to see a statue without colour." In that year he introduced a little colouring into a statue of Queen Victoria, executed for her in the Tinted Venus he went further. He described it as "the most carefully laboured work I ever executed; for I wrought the forms up to the highest standard of the ideal. The expression I endeavoured to give my Venus was that spiritual elevation of character which results from purity and sweetness, combined with an air of unaffected dignity and grace. I tinted the flesh like warm ivory, scarcely red, the eyes blue, the hair blond, and the net which contains the hair golden." He fell in love with the statue like Pygmalion with Galatea, and only gave her up to the patron (Mr. Preston) by whom she had been ordered four years after completion. (Dict. of National Biography.) The question of colouring statues was actively debated in consequence of the Venus, but the statue deserves reproduction independently of its colouring, the suitability of which could hardly be judged of except by viewing the original.

BACCHANTE AND CHILD, BY R. J. WYATT

THE KNIGHTING OF HENRY ESMOND, BY A. L. EGG, R.A.

Exhibited at the Royal Academy in 1858. Thackeray, History of Henry Esmond, Book II., c. xv. "On the table was a fine sword, with a red velvet scabbard, and a beautiful chased silver handle, with a blue riband for a sword-knot. 'What is this?' says the captain, going up to look at this pretty piece. Mrs. Beatrix advanced towards it. Kneel down,' says she; we dub you our knight with this'— and she waved the sword over his head. My Lady Dowager hath given the sword; and I give the riband, and mamma hath sewn on the fringe.' Put the sword on him, Beatrice,' says her mother. 'You are our knight, Harry-our true knight. Take a mother's thanks and prayers for defending her son, my dear, dear friend.' She could say no more, and even the Dowager was affected." Lady Castlewood and the Dowager Viscountess are on the spectator's left. MALVOLIO AFFECTING THE COUNT, BY DANIEL MACLISE, R.A. Twelfth Night, Act III, scene iv. of Act II., scene v.

:

THE CURFEW BELL, BY SAMUEL PALMER

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THE COURTYARD OF THE COPTIC PATRIARCH'S HOUSE IN CAIRO.
By J. F. Lewis, R.A.

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THE MONK, BY WILLIAM HENRY HUNT.

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THE BODY OF HAROLD BROUGHT то THE CONQUEROR, BY FORD
MADOX BROWN

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THE WHALERS, BY J. M. W. TURNER, R.A. (Royal Academy, 1845)
HONEYWOOD INTRODUCING THE BAILIFFS AS HIS FRIENDS

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By W. P. Frith, R.A.; from Goldsmith's comedy, The Good-Natured Man. Act III, scene i. Honeywood, whose good nature is leading him to squander his property, is saved by Miss Rickland (with whom he is in love) from the execution which, to give him a lesson, his uncle and guardian has secretly put into his house. Miss Rickland

calls just as the bailiffs have arrived, and apprehends the situation, in
spite of his attempt to disguise them.

A SCENE ON THE TUMMEL, PERTHSHIRE, BY T. CRESWICK, R.A.
AN ETCHING IN THE "GERM," BY W. HOLMAN HUNT .

One of two etchings signed by the artist, and forming the frontis piece of the first number of the Germ; the other shows the lover lying in deep grief in a graveyard. The history of the Germ has been written by Mr. W. M. Rossetti in the preface to a facsimile reprint published in 1901.

"ECCE ANCILLA DOMINI!" BY DANTE GABRIEL ROSSETTI

Dated March, 1850. The Annunciation: "Behold the Handmaid of the Lord!" The head of the Virgin was painted from that of the artist's sister, the poetess Christina Rossetti; Thomas Woolner, the sculptor, sat for the head of the Archangel Gabriel.

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WILLIAM WHEWELL, D.D. (Master of Trinity College, Cambridge)
JOHN STUART MILL, BY G. F. WATTS, R.A.

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HENRY LONGUEVILLE MANSEL, BY WILLIAM RIVIERE

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Fellow of St. John's College, Oxford, Dean of St. Paul's after Milman (1849-1868), and famous as a Churchman and for his wit. sketch of him is given by Burgon, in Twelve Good Men.

A

Overlooking Southampton Water; built 1858-1873, in the decorated Italian style, of purple bricks and Portland stone; over a quarter of a mile in length, covering ten acres of ground, and accommodating a thousand patients.

AMBULANCE TENT

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From the official "Manual of Ambulance Transport," by Sir G. Longmore and W. A. Morris, issued by the War Office.

THE ARIEL AND TAEPING RACING: OFF THE LIZARD.

In the "Tea Race" (see text, p. 450) for a premium of 10s. per ton offered by the principal London importers of China teas to the ships which should bring the first of the year's crop. In this year, 1866, nine ships were engaged, their tonnage varying from 686 to 853. They left Foochow at various dates from May 29 to June 6. The Fiery Cross left on May 29; the Taeping, Ariel, and Serica, May 30.

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These four were the leading ships at the finish. The Fiery Cross kept her lead till August 17, but was then becalmed in sight of the Taeping, which had caught her up on August 9. She only sighted the Isle of Wight at 10 a.m. on September 6. "At 8 a.m. on Wednesday, September 5, the Ariel and Taeping, which had lost sight of each other for seventy days, found themselves off the Lizard, running neck and neck up the Channel under every stitch of canvas that could be set, under a strong westerly wind. They appear thus in the illustration. the Taeping in front. During the whole day they kept their relative positions, dashing up the Channel side by side in splendid style, sometimes almost on their beam ends, the sea sweeping their decks." At daybreak next morning (Sept. 6) the pilots boarded them off Dungeness, and they raced as before to the Downs, where they took steam tugs, both ships being still neck and neck. The tugs started almost simultaneously, but the Taeping, having the more powerful tug, was first at Gravesend, and was docked at 9.45 p.m., half an hour before the Ariel, the Serica following at 11.30 p.m. The time was 99 days, against 106 days in 1865. The first three vessels were built by Steel & Co., Greenock; the Serica was iron, the Taeping and Ariel "composite "-wood with iron framing. (Abridged from the Illustrated London News, September 22, 1866.)

THE GREAT WESTERN (see text)

THE GREAT EASTERN OFF THE ISLE OF WIGHT (see text)

THE CAMPANIA

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12,950

620 ft. long on deck, 653 ft. beam; depth of hull, 43 ft.; 12,950 tons gross; 30,000 h.p. indicated; propelled by twin screws.

MODEL OF THE WILLIAM FAWCETT (see text)

THE RIPON LEAVING SOUTHAMPTON WITH TROOPS FOR THE CRIMEA to face

With 600 rank and file of the Grenadier Guards and about 30 officers, February 23, 1854; 250 of the regiment also sailed in the screw steamer Manilla, and the Coldstream Guards on the same day in the Orinoco. (Times, February 23, 1854. Annual Register, February 22, 1854.) The steamers in the first instance went to Malta.

MODEL OF THE BRITANNIA

Built of wood at Port Glasgow in 1840; the first " Cunarder" in the Atlantic service. She carried 115 passengers (saloon only) and 225 tons of cargo; burnt 31 to 38 tons of coal in the 24 hours, and made 8 knots per hour. She was of 1,156 tons burden, 207 ft. long and 34 ft. beam (541⁄2 ft. over paddle-boxes). On her maiden voyage, July, 1840, she reached Halifax from Liverpool in 11 days 4 hrs. and Boston in 14 days 8 hrs. Charles Dickens crossed in her in January, 1842, reaching Halifax after a very rough passage in 15 and Boston in 18 days. He wrote home: "I never will trust myself on the wide ocean, if it please heaven, in a steamer again." Two dangers which impressed him were that (1) the vessel must take fire if the funnel were blown overboard, because it was 40 ft. high, and at night "you see the solid fire two or three feet above its top," and (2) she rolled alarmingly as her coals lessened. He states, also, that she carried no boats, and was "full of fire and people." (Life, by Forster, Book IV., §iii.) He returned in a sailing ship, but reconciled himself to crossing in the Cunard liner Cuba twenty-five years later.

THE CITY OF LONDON (Inman Line; built 1863)

THE FIRST OCEANIC, 1871 (broken up in 1902)

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THE ALASKA.

6,932 tons, 10,000 indicated h.p. The Guion Line ceased running in 1894. The Alaska, after serving as a residence for workmen at Harland and Wolff's, was broken up about 1902.

ft. ;

She

Length between perpendiculars, 289 ft.; extreme breadth, 50 depth, 325 ft.; displacement. 3,618 tons; speed, 11 knots. carried 1,000 tons of coal and 260 passengers, and was built of iron. She ran ashore at high tide in Dundrum Bay in 1846, was floated off and sold at a heavy loss, and ran in the Australian service from 1853 to 1874. She afterwards became a coal hulk in the Falkland Islands. EXAMPLES OF MODERN LIGHTHOUSES AND LIGHTSHIPS

The Wolf Rock Lighthouse, midway between Scilly and the Lizard, was built 1860-1869 on a rock submerged 2 ft. at high water; it is 116 ft. high, 41 ft. 8 in. diameter at the base, and 17 ft. at top. The walls are 7 ft. 9 in. thick, decreasing to 2 ft. 3 in. The shaft contains 3.296 tons of stone (Encycl. Brit.). The Maplin, of which a model is shown, stands on sands.

OUTLINE MAP ILLUSTRATING ENGLISH AGRICULTURE IN 1850

All to the east of the black line running north and south comprised the chief corn-growing districts; in these the average rental per acre of cultivated land was 30 per cent. lower than in the counties west of it, which were concerned chiefly with grazing, green crops, and dairy farming. Above the dotted line running from east to west the average wages of agricultural labour were 37 per cent. higher than below it, owing to the competition of mines and manufactories with agriculture for labour. They varied from 14s. per week in the West Riding to 8s. in Essex, 7s. in Suffolk and South Wilts; the rental, from 42s. per acre in Lancashire to 17s. 6d. in South Wilts and 17s. in Durham. The produce of wheat per acre averaged 32 bushels in Norfolk and Suffolk, 21 in Dorset. The rental in the corngrowing counties averaged 23s. 8d. per acre; that of the others west of the line 31s. 5d., owing to the increased demand for meat and dairy produce. The northern counties had little more than half the pauperism of the south.

MODEL OF MCCORMICK'S REAPER

The motion of the machine, by the gearing attached to the large wheel, works backward and forward a sharp blade set in slots in the projecting teeth. These support the wheat as it is cut, while the revolving frame first presses it against the blade, then throws it on the platform, whence it is raked by the attendant. A sort of projecting loop of stout iron wire and a dividing bar keep the horses and machine respectively clear of the wheat not yet cut, and the screen prevents the cut wheat from falling off on the wrong side. Cyrus H. McCormick is believed to have constructed and worked the machine in Virginia in 1831. Catalogue as above.

PORTABLE HORSE-POWER THRASHING MACHINE

Shown at the 1851 Exhibition. The ears are carried round between the drum and its casing, and the grain knocked out of them by iron beaters attached to the drum.

J. J. MECHI

PAGE OF THE VISITORS' BOOK, TIPTREE HALL

SIR JOHN LAWES, BY HUBERT VON HERKOMER, R.A.

THE ROYAL AGRICULTURAL COLLEGE, CIRENCESTER

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Established 1845, under the patronage of the Prince Consort; had