tribe called abdominal fishes, or those whose ventral fins are behind the pectoral, and may be said to inhabit the Arctic Seas of Europe, Asia, and America, from whence they annually migrate, at different times, in search of food, and to deposit their spawn. Their shoals consist of millions of myriads, and are many leagues in width, many fathoms in thickness, and so dense, that the fishes touch each other; they are preceded, at the interval of some days, by insulated males. The largest and strongest are said to lead the shoals, which seem to move in a certain order, and to divide into bands as they proceed, visiting the shores of various islands and countries, and enriching their inhabitants. Their presence and progress are usually indicated by various sea birds, sharks, and other enemies. One of the cartilaginous fishes, the sea ape,* is said to accompany them constantly, and is thence called the king of the herrings. They throw off, also, a kind of oily or slimy substance, which extends over their columns, and is easily seen in calm weather. This substance, in gloomy, still nights, exhibits a phosphoric light, as if a cloth, a little luminous, were spread over the sea.

"Some conjecture may be made of the infinite number of these invaluable fishes, that are taken by European nations, from what Lacepede relates,-that, in Norway, 20,000,000 have been taken at a single fishing; that there are few years that they do not capture 400,000,000, and that, at Gottenburgh, and its vicinity, 700,000,000 are annually taken. But what are these millions,' he remarks, to the incredible numbers that go to the share of the English, Dutch, and other European nations?'

"Migrations of these fishes are stated to take place at three different times; the first, when the ice begins to melt, which continues to the end of June; then succeeds that of summer, followed by the autumnal one, which lasts till the middle of September. They seek places for

* Chimaera monstrosa.

spawning, where stones and marine plants abound, against which they rub themselves, alternately on each side, all the while moving their fins with great rapidity."

The instincts and habits of the finny tribes are necessarily less known than those of the inhabitants of the land, where their motions are constantly under the eye of man; but all that we do know of them, proves that the same wonder-working and beneficent Power, which watches over, and so mysteriously guides, the living creation in the regions of earth and air, extends his government and his paternal care to the vast ocean, adapting the various natures of the creatures, with which he has so abundantly peopled it, with consummate wisdom, to the element in which they are destined to move, providing for their reproduction, their subsistence, and their happiness, in a manner analogous to, and yet different from, that of the land tribes; and, both in their analogy and their difference, exhibiting a skill transcending all adequate expression, and filling the mind with astonishment and awe. No wonder that the psalmist, even with his comparatively limited knowledge, should express his admiration in this glowing strain :- "O Lord, how manifold are Thy works! In wisdom hast Thou made them all. The earth is full of Thy riches; so is this great and wide sea, wherein are things moving innumerable, both small and great animals. There go the ships; there is that leviathan, whom Thou hast made to play therein. These all wait upon Thee, and Thou givest them their meat in due season."

* Kirby's Bridgewater Treatise, vol. i. pp. 113-115.

Or the migratory inhabitants of the ocean, the most remarkable is that class of which the whale is the chief. As there are animals of a low grade, which, by their structure and amphibious habits, seem intended, by the Author of Nature, to form the link between the denizens of the land and of the sea, so it has pleased Providence to place at the top of the scale of creatures whose "home is in the deep," a gigantic race, so nearly allied to the inhabitants of the land, that many naturalists have denied it the name of fish, and have bestowed on it the somewhat awkward appellation of "beast of the ocean." Animals of this genus resemble quadrupeds, indeed, as to their structure, in many striking particulars. Like quadrupeds, they have lungs, a midriff, a stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, and bladder. Like quadrupeds, too, they have a heart, with its partitions, driving warm and red blood in circulation through the body; they breathe the air; they are viviparous; and they suckle their young at the teat. Their internal parts, which bear so close a resemblance to land animals, are similarly protected from the cold, being covered, like the hog, between the skin and the muscles, with a thick coat of fat or blubber. It is this latter property which renders them valuable to man, by whom they are so pertinaciously hunted, that it is believed not one of the largest species dies a natural death in our northern seas, or arrives nearly at its natural size.

Notwithstanding their close resemblance to quadrupeds, however, in so many particulars, they are not less closely connected with the families of the sea. They are

* For a great part of this paper, I have to acknowledge my obligations to Dr Bushnan, the intelligent author of the "Introduction to the Study of Nature."

shaped as fishes; they swim with fins; they are entirely destitute of hair; they live wholly in the depths of the ocean, qualities which, although the whale order is justly ranked by naturalists among Mammalia, have procured for them, in ordinary language, that distinctive name, by which we distinguish the finny tribes.* The various species of this animal are the whale, and its varieties, the cachalot, the dolphin, the grampus, and the porpoise.

These cetaceous animals, as they require to breathe the air, have holes at the top of their head, called spiracles, corresponding to the nostrils of land animals, which they frequently raise above the surface of the water, and through which the air finds access to their lungs. It is through these orifices that the water-spouts of the whale are ejected, accompanied with a noise, loud as a rushing torrent, and rising sometimes to the height of forty feet. These spouts, which have occasioned much discussion, consist merely of expired air, and watery vapour, condensed by the cold of the atmosphere, in the same manner as we see, in a frosty morning, our own breath similarly affected.

Whether we rank the whale among beasts or fishes, he is superior to all other warm-blooded animals, both from the extent of the domain, which he has held uninterrupted from the beginning of time, and from the enormous size to which he attains.† The hippopotamus, the elephant, the crocodile, are pigmies to him; and, while they cower before the blast, he plays with the stormvexed ocean, mounts carelessly upon the giant waves, lies like a cradled creature 'mid their dark and dismal furrows, and, defying the power of the most tempestuous seas, sinks in security to the deep profound. The strength

*Goldsmith's Animated Nature.

The whale is said to have been found, formerly, of the amazing size of 200 and even 230 feet; but it seldom is permitted, in the present day, to escape the rapacity of man, after it has attained the length of 70 or 80 feet, except in the South Seas, where it may still be occasionally taken of double that size.

of the whale, too, is prodigious. "A large boat," says Martins, in his voyage to Spitzbergen, "he valueth no

more than dust; for he can beat it to shivers at a blow." The blows of the tail of the white shark, when hauled upon the decks of a vessel, are so tremendous, as to threaten destruction to all on board; and, while in the water, the basking shark, when harpooned, has been known to tow a vessel of seventy tons burden, at a rapid rate, against a fresh gale, for a considerable distance.

Against these mighty animals, man wages a war so exterminating, as to have driven them from their ancient haunts, to seek for safety in the more inaccessible parts of the ocean : here, however, they are followed, to obtain the great quantity of oil, which is found in what is called their blubber. The quantity of this oil, procured from the great northern whale, frequently amounts to onetwelfth of the weight of its enormous carcase; the tongue alone, which has been said to be "about the size of a great feather-bed," often yielding five or six barrels. Besides this mass of subcutaneous fat, many cetaceous animals, as the bottle-nosed or spermaceti whale, have a second collection of a similar substance, except that it is of a purer quality, and firmer consistence, in a large reservoir, often 16 or 18 feet long, and wide in proportion, at the top of their heads, near the spiracles or breathingholes. This is the spermaceti of commerce.

Here we have a strong illustration of the all-provident care of the Almighty. The solid parts of the body of these animals are heavier than water; consequently, had they not been provided with a sufficient supply of some substance lighter than water, by which their tendency to sink might be counteracted, it would have required a constant effort, on their parts, to keep themselves at any given level below the water; and not only this, for cetaceous animals, unlike other fishes, require frequently to be raised to the surface. So, while the oil of the blubber serves to render the body, collectively, lighter than the water which they inhabit, the spermaceti serves to ren