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bone" or zig-zag lines, or of reticulations. This ornamentation is usually confined to the overlapping rim and the neck, and to the upper edge of the rim.

Of other shapes found in Derbyshire barrows, and which, as I have said, are unusual in that county, the preceding and the next engraving will serve as illustrative examples. The ornamentation on each is by the pressing of twisted thongs into the pliant clay. The overlapping rim, it will be seen, does not occur on these examples, one of which has the peculiarity, in its central band, of four perforated loops or handles. In this

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latter urn a beautiful "incense cup" (?) to be hereafter spoken of, was found. Possibly these urns were the work of the females of a migratory tribe which was passing through, or making a settlement in, Derbyshire.

The Food Vessels, so called, vary considerably both in form, and in size, and in ornamentation, from the very rudest to the most elegant and elaborate. They are generally wide at the mouth and taper gradually downwards from the central band. They are found both with interments by inhumation, and by cremation-more frequently the former than the latter-and

are generally placed near the head of the skeleton. They are generally of from four to six inches in height, and the ornamen

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L.JEWITT ISA.DERBY. 440 S

tation is produced by twisted thongs and other indentations. The form of some of these highly intenting vessels will be best

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L JEWITT.FS.A. DERBY. des 20

understood by the engravings here given. The "food vessels" are usually burned to about an equal degree of hardness with the cinerary urns.

The Drinking Cups are the most highly and elaborately ornamented of any of the varieties of fictile art found in the Derbyshire barrows. They are found with the skeleton, and are usually placed behind the shoulder. In size they range from about six to nine inches in height. They are tall in form, contracted in the middle, globular in their lower half, and expanding at the mouth. Their ornamentation, always elaborate, usually covers the whole surface, and is composed of indented lines

placed in various ways, so as to form an intricate pattern; and

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L. JEWITT.FSA. DERBY, WAS

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other indentations. The engravings show two excellent examples, the first from the Hay Top barrow, and the second from a barrow at Grind-Low.

The so called "Incense Cups". -a name which ought now to be discarded-are diminutive vessels which, where found at all (which is seldom) are found inside the sepulchral urns, placed on, or among, the calcined bones, and generally themselves also filled with burnt bones. They range from an inch and a half to about three inches in height, and are sometimes highly ornamented, and at others plain.

The three examples here shown, respectively from barrows on Baslow Moor, on Stanton Moor, and at Darley Dale, will

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give a good general idea of these curious little vessels which may probably not have been "incense cups" but small urns to receive the ashes of an infant-perhaps sacrificed at the

death of its mother-so as to admit of being placed within the larger urn containing the remains of its parent. The contents of barrows give incontestible evidence of the practice of sacrificing not only

horses, dogs, and oxen, but of human beings, at the graves of

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the ancient Britons. Slaves were sacrificed at their master's graves, and wives, there can be no doubt were sacrified and buried with their husbands, to accompany them in the invisible world upon which they were entering. It is reasonable, therefore, to infer that infants were occasionally sacrificed on the death of their mothers, in the belief that they would thus partake of her care in the strange land to which, by death, she was removed. Whether from sacrifice, or from natural causes, the mother and her infant may have died together, it is only reasonable to infer from the situation in which these "incense cups" are found, (either placed on the top of a heap of burnt bones or inside the sepulchral urn containing them) and from their usually containing small calcined bones, that they were receptacles for the ashes of the infant, to be buried along with those of its mother.

(To be continued.)

THE STRUCTURE OF THE ANNELIDS, WITH A CRITICISM ON QUATREFAGES.

BY EDOUARD CLAPAREDE.

M. CLAPAREDE has kindly sent us a pamphlet on the above subject. It is taken from the introduction to a work on the Annelids of the Gulf of Naples, now in the press under the auspices of the Societé de Physique et d'Histoire Naturelle de Genève. M. Claparède spent six months at Naples during the winter of 1866-7, and found the locality extremely favourable for the study of Annelids. He observes that his remarks were facilitated by the recent publication of two works, one by M. Ehlers, and the other by M. Quatrefages; although, in addition to other defects, he found the book of the latter full of typographical errors to an extent "passing imagination," and likewise of false citations. Only one part of M. Ehler's work has appeared. It relates to certain Nereids of the Adriatic, and does not correspond with the generality of its title-a "Treatise on the Annelids." What M. Ehler has done, M. Claparède pronounces to be a "model of exactitude." "L'Histoire Naturelles des Annelés," of M. Quatrefages, is a treatise on the Polychaetian Annelids, in which the author endeavours to fulfil two purposes-a natural classification,

* "De la Structure des Annélides, note comprenant un examen critique des travaux les plus recents sur cette classe de vers. Genève, Rambuz.”

based upon anatomy, and an enumeration of synonyms. In referring to the writings of others, M. Claparède states that M. Quatrefages has "often consulted plates without taking the trouble to read the corresponding text." One instance of this occurs in a mis-description which he gives of Claparède's genus Pygaspio, and other instances are given. While admitting that M. Quatrefages's work may be read with advantage, M. Claparède cannot admit that it represents the present state of science, as regards the anatomy and physiology of worms. "Unfortunately, notwithstanding his numerous and profound researches, the author of the 'Histoire Naturelle des Annelés" has too often forgotten that he had predecessors, and that contemporaries were exploring the same ground with an ardour equal to his own." The " personality of M. Quatrefages"the ridiculous egotism in fact, so noticeable in his works-"is always foremost, even in the narration of facts known twenty or thirty years before his own scientific début. . . . How many errors would have been avoided if the author had conscientiously studied the works of Rathke, Della Chiaje, Grube, and others; if he had taken into account the studies of histologists, such as Kölliker, Leydig, etc., he would not then, as he has sometimes done in the structure of the branchiæ, for example-have made science retrograde to the epoch of Pallas." "Why did M. Quatrefages, who is so well acquainted with Annelids, describe genera and species from specimens preserved in alcohol in the Paris Museum? He must know the uselessness of such a course, and that Annelids can only be properly studied at the sea-side with the help of living specimens. To describe as he has done, alcoholic varieties, is to embarrass science with a caput mortuum, which it will take years to get rid of."

"Regions of the Body and Appendages. After much discussion concerning the value of the external portions of the bodies of Annelids, most recent authors have adopted the nomenclature of M. Grube, who gives the name of buccal segment to the segment carrying the mouth, and that of cephalic lobe (Præstomium, Huxley) to all that is in advance of it. . . M. Quatrefages, taking up opinions previously advanced by Rathke, considers the cephalic lobe and the buccal segment as together forming the head, but he does not adhere strongly to this view, as he most often gives the name head to the cephalic segment only."

"He has tried to introduce a simplification in the nomenclature of the appendages of the cephalic region, by giving the name of antennae to all the appendages springing from the cephalic lobe, that of tentacles to those of the buccal segment, and that of tentacular cirrhi to those of the first feet, when

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