The above descriptions of these Planarian worms, partly taken from my own observations and partly from Dr. Johnston's catalogue, will, I hope, be found of use in helping some of my readers to determine the species they may meet with. The works I have consulted on this subject are Dugès two valuable memoirs, Diesing's "Systema Helminthum," O. F. Müller's "Vermium Terrestrium et Fluviatilium," the "Prodromus Zoologia Danica" of the same author; Oersted's "Entrouof Plattwürmer;" Professor Owen's artice on Entozoa in "Todd's Cyclopædia of Anatomy," and Dr. Johnston's "Catalogue of the British NonParasitical Worms in the Collection of the British Museum," published by Taylor and Francis in 1865. The large work of Müller, "Zoologia Danica," contains several figures of the Planaria, as also does Sir John Dalyell's work, "The Powers of the Creator Displayed in the Creation," published by Van Voorst. The former work I have not seen, the figures in the latter are not very good. There is also a treatise by Dalyell, "Observations on the Planarian Worms." Dr. O. Schmidt's Treatise ("Die Rhabdocoelen Strudelwürmer") is the best work on the fresh-water Rhabdocols. It contains numerous figures of these animals. The researches of the same author on the sexual organs of the Dendrocal Planaria, in the "Zeitschrift für Wissenschaftliche Zoologie," Band. x. and xi., must be especially mentioned, but I regret I was unable to consult the volumes at the time I was investigating the anatomy of these worms, neither have I been able to meet with Schultze's "Bertrüge zur Naturgeschchte der Turbellariea."

DESCRIPTION OF PLATE.

Fig. 1.-Planaria lactea, showing dendritic form of digestive system (after Dugès).

Fig. 2.-The same species, drawn from a living specimen.
Fig. 3.-Head of P. torva.

Fig. 4.-Mesostoma rostrata, as it progresses.

Fig. 5.-The same species when at rest.

Fig. 6.-Full and side view of proboscis of ditto (from

specimen).

Fig. 7.-Head of Polycelis brunnea.

Fig. 8.-Capsulated ova of Mesostoma rostrata.

Fig. 9.-Ditto of Planaria torva.

Fig. 10.-Mesostomum personatum (from a specimen).

Fig. 11.-Planaria torva, with protruded proboscis, swallowing a worm (after Dugès).

Fig. 12. The same, in another position, attacking a worm (after Dugès).

Fig. 13.-Polycelis nigra, progressing.

Fig. 14.-Polycelis nigra, at rest.

Fig. 15.-Reproductive organs of P. lactea. a, Penis and sheathe; b, oviduct; c, vesicle and reservoir of eggs; d, common orifice (after Dugès).

All the figures, except 11, 12, 13, and 14, are magnified.

THE GRAVE-MOUNDS OF DERBYSHIRE, AND
THEIR CONTENTS.

BY LLEWELLYNN JEWITT, F.S.A., ETC., ETC.

(Continued from page 350.)

THE ANGLO-SAXON PERIOD.

THE County of Derby fortunately affords abundant and unusually excellent, as well as remarkable, examples of the graves of the Anglo-Saxons, and therefore we need be at no loss in describing the modes of interment, and the objects which are found in the graves and in the barrows of this period. When it is recollected that one of the towns of Derbyshire-Repton (Hrepandune)-was the capital of the kingdom of Mercia and the burial-place of the Mercian kings; that the names of many other places are derived from their Saxon owners; and that one of the main roads used by them-and before their time by the Normans and the ancient Britons-the Rykneld Street, ran through the county, it will easily be seen that in the Saxon times Derbyshire was so well populated and so thriving, that the interments must have been not only numerous but of all kinds. Accordingly we find examples both of burial by cremation and of the unburnt body in cemeteries, as well as instances of interment having been made in the earlier Celtic barrows.

Generally speaking the Anglo-Saxon graves were rectangular cists or pits cut in the ground to the depth of from two or three to seven or eight feet. On the floor of this the body was placed at full length, on its back, in the dress which was worn by deceased when living. The arms were usually extended by the sides, with the hands resting on the pelvis. Around the body were placed articles which had been used, or were valued by, or which it was thought might be useful to, the deceased. The grave was then carefully filled, and a mound of but low altitude raised over it; the earth being generally "puddled" or tempered. This mound or hillock was called a

Hoelw from which the Derbyshire name of Low is evidently derived. The accompanying plan of a grave opened by Mr.

Bateman on Lapwing Hill,

will pretty tolerably illustrate this mode of AngloSaxon burial. Beneath the bones of the skeleton were "traces of light-coloured hair, as if from a hide, resting upon a considerable quantity of decayed wood, indicating a plank of some thickness, or the bottom of a coffin. At the left of the body was a long and broad iron sword, enclosed in a sheath made of thin wood covered with ornamental leather. Under or by the hilt of the sword was a short iron knife; and a little way above the right shoulder were two small javelin heads, fourand-a-half inches long, of the same metal, which had

lain so near each other as to become united by corrosion. Among the stones which filled the grave, and about a foot from the bottom, were many objects of corroded iron, including nine loops of hoop iron (as shown in the engraving) about an inch broad, which had been fixed to thick wood by long nails; eight staples or eyes which had been driven through a plank and clenched, and one or two other objects of more uncertain application, all which were dispersed at intervals round the corpse throughout the length of the grave, and which may therefore have been attached to a bier or coffin in which the deceased was conveyed to the grave from some distant place." Indicacations existed of the shield having been placed in its usual position over the centre of the body, but no umbone was in this instance found. The mounds are usually very low, frequently not being raised more than a foot above the natural surface of the ground. The earth was, as I have stated, usually "puddled" or tempered with water, and thus the body in the grave became closely imbedded in a compact and tenacious mass. That the tempering, or puddling, was accompanied with some corrosive preparation, there can be little doubt, for it is a fact, though a very remarkable one, that whilst the skeletons of the

Celtic period are found in good condition, and in some instances perfect and sound, those of the Anglo-Saxons have, almost invariably, entirely disappeared. Thus in a Celtic barrow the primary interment of that period may be found in perfect condition, while the secondary interment, that of the Anglo-Saxon, although some centuries later in date, and some three or four feet nearer the surface, will have decayed away and completely disappeared. Thus, in a barrow at Wyaston which had been raised over the body of a Saxon lady every indication of the body had disappeared with the exception of the enamel coating of the teeth, while a splendid necklace of beads, a silver ring, silver earrings, and a silver brooch or fibula, remained in situ where the flesh and bones had once been. Another instance (to which I shall have occasion again to allude) which may be named was the barrow at Benty Grange-a mound not more than two feet in elevation, but of considerable dimensions, and surrounded by a small fosse or trench, raised over the remains of a Saxon of high rank. In this mound, although a curious and unique helmet, the silver mountings of a leather drinking cup, some highly interesting and beautiful enamelled ornaments, and other objects, as well as indications of the garments, remained, not a vestige of the body, with the exception of some of the hair, was to be seen. The lovely and delicate form of the female and the form of the stalwart warrior or noble had alike returned to their parent earth, leaving no trace behind, save the enamels of her teeth and traces of his hair alone, while the ornaments they wore and took pride in, and the surroundings of their stations remained to tell their tale at this distant date. In a barrow at Tissington in which the primary (Celtic) interment was perfect, the later Saxon one had entirely disappeared, while the sword and umbone of the shield remained as they had been placed.

The mode of interment with the funeral fire, as well as the raising of the barrow, is curiously illustrated by the opening of two Saxon graves at Winster. A large wood fire had, apparently, been made upon the natural surface of the ground. In this a part of the stones to be used for covering the body, and some of the weapons of the deceased, were burned. After the fire was exhausted the body was laid on the spot where it had been kindled, the spear, sword, or what not, placed about it, and the stones which had been burnt piled over it. The soil was then heaped up to the required height.

The instances I have given (and most others which have been examined) of interment of the entire body, have occurred in the district of the Peak. In the lowlands of the county the interments appear mostly to have been by cremation, and here somewhat extensive cemeteries-either as groups of small low barrows containing interments of burnt bones-or otherwise,

have been found. In some of these the body has simply been burned, the calcined bones gathered into a small heap and then the mound raised over them. In others, and more usually, the calcined bones have been carefully collected together, placed in cinerary urns, and buried.

Two of the most extensive and remarkable cemeteries of this kind are those at Kingston and at King's Newton, both near Derby.* At the first of these places an extensive cemetery was discovered in 1844, and resulted in the exhumation of a large number of urns; indeed, so large a number, that, unfortunately, at least two hundred were totally destroyed by the workmen before the fact of the discovery became known. On the surface no indication of burials existed, but as the ground had some sixty years before been under plough culti vation, and as the mounds would originally have been very low, this is not remarkable. The urns had been placed on the ground in shallow pits or trenches. They were filled with burnt bones, and the mouth of each had been covered with a flat stone. They were, when found, close to the surface, so that the mounds could only have been slightly elevated when first formed. Of the form of the urns I shall have to speak later on.

The cemetery at King's Newton, though not so large as the one just named, was an extensive one. It was discovered during the present autumn (1867), and a large number of fragmentary urns were exhumed. The mode of interment was precisely similar to that at Kingston, and the urns were of the same character as those there discovered. There were no traces of mounds having been raised, although most probably, they had originally existed.

Cremation was the predominating practice among the Angles, including Mercia, and the modes of burning the body, and of interment of the calcined bones in ornamental urns, which I have described, in the two cemeteries just spoken of, are characteristic of that kingdom. This mode is curiously illustrated in the Anglo-Saxon poem of "Beowulf," which evidently describes the custom of the Angles. The following extract forcibly illustrates the mode of interment. The funeral pile having been raised, and hung round with shields, helmets, and coats of mail,

It is a singular fact, and worthy of note, that the two most extensive Saxon cemeteries-indeed, the only two worthy the name of cemeteries-discovered in Derbyshire, are at Kingston (King's Town) and at King's Newton (King's New Town), and that at each the urns are of remarkably fine character.