upon the branches: the flowers are produced in close spikes at the extremities of the branches; they are white, composed of five petals, and have ten stamina in each, nearly of the same length with the petals. This plant will bear the open air in Britain, and is one of the most beautiful flowering shrubs. Its season is commonly about the beginning of July; and, if not very hot, the spikes will flourish till the middle of September. It thrives best in moist land, and requires a sheltered situation, where it may be defended from strong winds, which frequently break off the branches where they are too much exposed to their violence. It is propagated by layers, but they are generally two years before they take root. It may also be propagated by suckers, which are sent out from the roots; if these are carefully taken off with fibres in the autumn, and planted in a nursery-bed, they will be strong enough in two years to transplant. CLEVE, In composition, at the beginning CLIF, or end of the proper name of a CLIVE, plece, denotes it to be situated on the side of a rock or hill; as Cleveland, Clifton, Staucliff.

CLEVELAND, a district of the North Riding of Yorkshire, part of the vale of Stockton. It borders upon Durham, from which it is separated by the Tees; and is remarkably beautiful, fertile, and well cultivated. It contains 70,444 arable acres. Wheat is its staple produce; and no other district in the neighbourhood produces so great a proportionable quantity of equally fine grain.

CLEVELAND (John), an English poet of some eminence, who, during the civil war under Charles I., engaged as a literary champion in the royal cause against the parliamentarians. He died in 1658, and was much extolled by his party. His works, which consist of poems, characters, orations, epistles, &c., were printed

in 1677, in 8vo.

CLE'VER, adj. Sax. gleawra; probaCLE'VERLY, adv. bly from yλapupos. DexCLE'VERNESS, n. s. terous, skilful, just; fit; proper; intelligent; accomplished; handsome; commodious.

These would inveigle rats with the scent,
And sometimes catch them with a snap,
As cleverly as the ablest trap.

Hudibras.

Rhine, mostly above the point where that river branches out and forms the great stream called the Waal, between 5° 45′ and 6° 25′ E. long. and 51° 35′ and 51° 53′ N. lat. It is bounded on the north by the bishopric of Munster, and the province of Overyssel, on the west by Brabant and Guelderland, on the south by part of Guelderland, the county of Mark, and the duchy of Berg, and on the east by the county of Rechlinghausen and Munster. Since the year 1753 it has been divided into three circles, Cleves, Wesel, and Emmerid; Duisburg, Xanten, and Rees, are also districts of some note. In some parts the country is elevated, and covered with fields, woods and forests, sometimes three or four leagues in extent, on the borders of which are numerous towns and villages. The low grounds, especially on the banks of the Rhine, afford excellent pasturage and a great number of cattle and horses are reared in them. Corn, pulse, fruit, flax, tobacco and various vegetables are cultivated here. Game is abundant, and the rivers furnish salmon, pike, carp, and other fish in great numbers. This duchy contains twenty-four walled towns, the chief of which is

CLEVES, the ancient capital, situated on the river Kermisdale, more than two miles from the west bank of the Rhine. It is one of the neatest towns in the empire, standing in a pleasant situation on the declivity of a hill, and in a valley below it. It is built after the Dutch manner; but, though fortified, it is not very strong. In the upper part stands the castle of Schwanenburg, from which there is a beautiful prospect almost over the whole country. The side of the hill is formed into a number of terraces and alleys, which give it a beautiful appearance. This city is very ancient, having been known to the Romans, the traces of whose works are very evident in the country around. It contains about 5000 people, and is twelve miles south-east of Nimeguen, and seventy from Amsterdam; not far from the frontiers of the united provinces, to which it has a gate directly leading, called the gate of Holland. The duchy of Cleves belongs to the king of Prussia; it was indeed ceded to the French partly in 1792, and partly in 1806; and was then included in the department of the Roer. It was afterwards conferred by Buonaparte on general Murat; but, on the restoration of the states of Europe in 1815, it returned to its former possessor. It yields the king of Prussia a revenue of £200,000. The spinning of flax forms an important branch of industry in this country; woollen and linen cloths are also manufactured in several parts, and some silks. Its situation, lying along the Rhine, is extremely favorable for commerce, and the inhabitants are not backward in improving these advantages. The country people are mostly Catholics, while, in the towns, the Protestants form the greater proportion; there are also Jews and Mennonites, liberty of conscience being allowed to all sects.

Before the French revolution there were many monasteries here; but they are now almost al suppressed. The air is salubrious, and the climate generally mild. The country is watered by several considerable streams besides the Rhine; as the Maese the Roer the Emeser, the Lippe,

and the Yssel. This duchy forms a part of the grand duchy of the Lower Rhine.

CLEVES, a town of Virginia, in the United States, two miles from Port Royal, in a northerly direction.

CLEW, n. s. Saxon, clype; Dutch, klouwen. Thread wound upon a bottom: a ball of thread. A guide; a direction; because men direct themselves by a clew of thread in a labyrinth.

Eftsoons untwisting his deceitful clew,
He gan to weave a web of wicked guile.

Spenser. While, guided by some clew of heavenly thread, The perplexed labyrinth we backward tread. Roscommon. They see small clews draw vastest weights along, Not in their bulk, but in their order, strong. Dryden. When the only clew we have fails us, which is most reasonable, to stop short or to push forward, without any clew at all into the labyrinth of nature. Bolingbroke. This alphabet must be your own clew to guide you. Holder.

Is there no way, no thought, no beam of light? No clew to guide me through this gloomy maze, To clear my honor, yet preserve my faith?

Smith. The reader knows not how to transport his thoughts over to the next particular, for want of some clew, or connecting idea to lay hold of. Watts's Logic.

Clew of the sail of a ship, is the lower corner of it, which reaches down to that earing where the tackles and sheets are fastened.

CLEW, v. a. From clew, a sea term. To clew the sails, is to raise them, in order to be furled; which is done by a rope fastened to the clew of a sail, called the clew-garnet.

CLIBADIUM, in botany, a genus of plants of the monocia class and pentandria_order. Male: CAL. common and imbricated. Female florets three or four; SEED an umbilicate drupe: species but one; a Surinam plant.

Patronage and clientship among the Romans always descended the plebeian houses had recourse to the patrician line which had formerly protected them.

Dryden.

CLIENT, among the Romans, a citizen who put himself under the protection of some great man, who in respect of that relation was called patron. He assisted his client with his protection, interest, and goods; and the client gave his vote for his patron, when he sought any office for himself or friends. The right of patronage was appointed by Romulus, to unite the rich and poor together, in such a manner as that one might live without contempt, and the other without envy; but the condition of a client, in course of time, became little else but a moderate slavery. CLIFF, n.s. Lat. clivus; Sax. clip, cliof. A steep rock; a rock, according to Skinner, broken and craggy (rupes). The name of a character in music, properly clef.

CLICK, v. a. Dut. cliken; Fr. cliqueter; CLICKER, n. s. or perhaps the diminutive of CLIC'KET, n. clack. To make a sharp, small, successive noise. The substantives are two low words; one describes the servant of a salesman who calls to customers; the other, the knocker of a door.

The solemn death-watch clicked, the hour she died; And shrilling crickets in the chimney cried. Gay. CLIENT, n. s.

Lat. cliens. One CLIENTED, part. adv. who applies to an adCLIENTSHIP, n. s. Svocate for counsel and defence. It may be perhaps sometimes used for a defendant in a more general sense.

I do think they are your friends and clients, And fearful to disturb you.

Ben Jonson.

There is due from the judge to the advocate some commendation, where causes are well handled; for that upholds in the client the reputation of his counsel. Bacon's Essays. Advocates must deal plainly with their clients, and tell the true state of their case.

Taylor's Rule of Living Holy. This due occasion of discouragement, the worst conditioned and least cliented petivoguers do yet, under the sweet bait of revenge, convert to a more plentiful prosecution of actions.

Carew's Survey of Cornwall.

This ladie rometh by the cliffe to plaie, With her meine, endlong upon the stronde; And findeth Jason, and this other stonde, In speking of this thing, as I you told.

Chaucer. Legend.

The Leucadians did use to precipitate a man from a high cliff into the sea. Bacon's Nat. Hist. Mountaineers, that from Severus came, And from the craggy cliffs of Tetrica. Dryden. Wherever 'tis so found scattered upon the shores, there is it as constantly found lodged in the cliffs threreabouts. Woodward.

CLIFFORD (George), earl of Cumberland, a nobleman distinguished for his naval enterprises, was born in Westmoreland, in 1558, and educated at Peter-house in Cambridge, under Dr. Whitgift, afterwards archbishop of Canterbury. He was particularly attentive to the study of the mathematics. He was also noted for his skill in the tournament, and all the martial exercises of his age. Queen Elizabeth, on one occasion, took off her glove and gave it to him; a mark of royal favor, which, on public occasions, he used to wear in his hat, adorned with diamonds. In 1586 he fitted out a small squadron, with which he sailed for South America, and, after taking several vessels from the Portuguese, returned to England. In 1588 he took the command of a ship, with which he contributed greatly to the destruction of the Spanish armada; and was rewarded for his gallant conduct by a grant from the queen of a commission to make another voyage to the South Sea. In this, however, he was unfortunate, for, after proceeding as far as the Azores, he was obliged by tempestuous weather to return; nor was he more successful in 1591, in an expedition to the coast of Spain. Yet he next year attacked the Azores, and took the town of Santa Cruz and a rich galleon, valued at £150,000. He sailed again in 1593 and took several very valuable Spanish prizes. In 1595 he fitted out a ship of 900 tons burden, being the largest that had ever been launched by an English subject, but was prevented, by an order from the queen, from sailing in it himself. In three years after, however, he sailed with a squadron to the West Indies, where he took the island of Porto Rico; but in this voyage a great number of his men were carried off by sickness. This

intrepid nobleman died at Savoy, in 1605, and his remains were interred at Skipton in Yorkshire.

CLIFFORD (Anne), only daughter of the above, born in 1589 at Skepton castle, Craven, and was twice married: first to Richard lord Buckhurst, afterwards earl of Dorset, whose life she wrote, and brought him three sons and two daughters. Her second husband was Philip earl of Pem

broke. She built in the course of her life two hospitals, and erected or repaired seven churches. She also erected monuments to the poets Spenser and Daniels, the latter being her tutor. She is particularly celebrated for a spirited reply to Sir Joseph Williamson, secretary of state, after the Restoration. He had presumed to nominate a candidate for her borough of Appleby: I have been bullied,' said she, by an usurper; I have been neglected by a court; but I will not be dictated to by a subject; your man sha'n't stand.'

CLIFFORTIA, in botany, a genus of the polyandria order, and diœcia class of plants; natural order thirty-eighth, tricoccæ: male CAL. triphyllous; COR. none; the stamina near thirty in number: female CAL. triphyllous, superior to the receptacle; styles two; CAPS. bilocular; SEED single: species nineteen, all natives of Africa. Their flowers make no very handsome appearance; but the plants themselves are very ornamental evergreens. They grow to the height of four or five feet, and are propagated by cuttings, which must be young shoots of five or six inches long. If planted in pots in spring or summer, and plunged in a hot-bed, they will readily take root. They must be watered plentifully in summer, but very sparingly in winter. CLIFT, n. s. The same with cliff, now dis

used.

CLIFTON, a parish of Gloucestershire, one mile west from Bristol, and 114 west from London. It stands on a cliff or hill, rising gradually from the river Avon, and has been termed, from the salubrity of its air, the Montpelier of England. Within a few years this beautiful village has been adorned with new and elegant ranges of buildings, shooting out, as a physician phrases it, almost with the rapidity of crystallisation. They are occupied generally by those who seek the aid of the Bristol waters; or very respectable constant residents. It has a most charming prospect of the river, and of the western part of Bristol. The church is handsome and commodious, and on the downs are the remains of Roman military works. Inhabitants about 9000.

CLIMACTER, n. s. Gr. Kλμактηр. A CLIMACTERICK, adj. certain space of time, CLIMACTE'RICAL, adj. or progression of years, which is supposed to end in a critical and dangerous time, at the end of which some change is supposed to befal the body.

The numbers seven and nine, multiplied into thenselves, do make up sixty-three, commonly esteemed the great climacterical of our lives. Id.

Your lordship being now arrived at your great climacterique, yet give no proof of the least decay of your excellent judgment and comprehension. Dryden. My mother is something better, though, at her advanced age, every day is a climacterick. Pope. CLIMATE, v. n. & n. s. Į Gr. κλιμα. Α CLIMATURE, n. s. space upon the surface of the earth, measured from the equator to the polar circles. Also a region, or tract of land, differing from another by the temperature of the air.

Such harbingers preceding still the fates, Have heaven and earth together demonstrated Unto our climatures and countrymen. The temper that partakes of hot and cold. Dryden. Betwixt the extremes, two happier climates hold, On what new happy climate are we thrown. This talent of moving the passions cannot be of Swift. any great use in the northern climates.

Id.

tively observed by the architect; and particularly the

The subject of climate should be studied and atten

effects of the vicissitudes of the seasons upon its materials. Elmes' Dictionary

CLIMATE, in geography, expresses: 1. A portion of the earth's surface contained between

two circles parallel to the equator, and of such a breadth, as that the longest day in the parallel nearest the pole exceeds the longest day in that nearest the equator by some certain space of time; and 2. The ordinary state of the atmosphere, with regard to heat and moisture, which prevails in any given portion of the globe. Abulfeda, the great Arabian geographer, gave the names of real and apparent climates to these two acceptations of the word.

I. In the former the original acceptation of the word is traced, as we see, to the Greek word xpa, xλiveiv, to incline; and was intended by the ancients to express the obliquity of the sphere with respect to the horizon, the causes of the inequalities of day and night. Ptolemy divided the earth's surface from the equator to the arctic circle into zones calculated to make an increase of a quarter of an hour each in the longest day These zones would be, of course, nearly of equal breadth near the equatorial line, and become contracted in higher latitudes. It was judged, therefore, sufficient to estimate them in those latitudes by their doubles answering to half an hour's increase of time at Midsummer. The late professor Leslie furnishes, from Ptolemy's geographical work, the following table of the climates as he calculated them.

More ancient writers speak of seven climates only, confining them to what they imagined the habitable part of the earth. The first they made to pass through Meroe, the second through Sienna, the third through Alexandria, the fourth through Rhodes, the fifth through Rome, the sixth through Pontus, and the seventh through the mouth of Borysthenes.

The beginning of the climate is a parallel circle wherein the day is the shortest. The end of the climate is that wherein the day is the longest; the climates being reckoned, as we have stated, from the equator to the pole. The first, at its beginning, has its longest day precisely twelve hours long; at its end twelve hours and a half; the second, which begins where the first ends, viz. at twelve hours and a half, ends at thirteen hours; and so of the rest, as far as the polar circles, where, what the geographers call hour climates terminate, and month climates commence. As an hour climate is a space comprised between two parallels of the equator, in the first of which the longest day exceeds that in the latter by half an hour; so the month climate is a space terminated between two circles parallel to the polar circles, whose longest day is longer or shorter than that of its contiguous one by a month or thirty days.

The breadth of the respective climates is found

by adding the logarithmic cotangent of the sun's greatest declination to the logarithmic sine of his ascensional difference; the sum of these logarithms being the logarithmic tangent of the latitude of the circle nearest the pole; which, being given in each, will determine, of course, the whole operation of forming these circles. Those between the polar circles and the poles are determined by the sun's declination.

The following tables contain the latitude where each climate ends, the length of the longest day at its termination, and its breadth, in degrees and minutes, from Mr. Myer's very complete System of Geography.

FROM THE POLAR CIRCLES TO THE POLES.