The foregoing operation may be thus abridged :- RULE FOR SILVER COINS-Multiply the carat grains in the fineness by the troy grains in the weight, and again multiply this product by 5818; cut of seven decimals, which will give the answer in pence and decimals of a penny sterling. Thus, in the foregoing question of the Spanish Dollar, Or the contents in pure silver may be found by multiplying the standard weight by 37, and dividing by 40; and, on the contrary, multiplying the contents in pure silver by 40, and dividing by 37, will give the standard weight. The precious metals in England are mostly bought and sold at so much per ounce standard. It therefore becomes necessary to determine the standard weight; and this must be calculated from the Assay Master's Report of weight and fineness. But it may be useful first to explain the characters which are generally used in these Reports. The common method of finding the value of small quantities of gold and silver is by alloying, from the Assay Master's Report, at the rate of 4s. per carat, better or worse, in every ounce weight of gold; and at the rate of 6d. per ounce, better or worse, in every ounce weight of silver. But when silver is more than 10 dwt, worse, an allowance of 2d. per ounce must be made for refining. Thus, to find the value of 2 oz. of gold B. 1 car. 1 gr. at £4. per oz.-To £8. (for 2 oz.) add 10s. for better, which gives the value £8. 10s.—And to find the value of 12 oz. of silver, W. 10 dwts. at 5s. 6d, per oz. From £3. 6s. (for 12 oz.) subtract 3s. for worse, which gives the value £3. 3s. We submit finally I-RULES FOR STANDARDING GOLD. As 22 carats are to the Assay, or Report of fineness, so is the gross weight to the quantity that is to be added or subtracted from this gross weight, according as the report is better or worse. If better, the additional quantity is called (by the trade) Betterness, and if worse, the subtractional quantity is called Worseness. Example-How much standard gold is there in an ingot of the following Report, B. 1 ear 3 grains. Weight, 67 oz. 15 dwt. 8 gr.? Oz. dwt. gr. oz. dwt. gr. 20 The following method for standarding gold may be generally used with advantage :oz. dwt. gr. 67 15 8 Gross Weight B. or W. 1 car. 3 gr As 11 oz. 2 dwt. to the assay, so is the gross weight to the quantity which is to he added or subtracted, according as the report is B. or W. Example-In 287 oz. of silver, W. 12} dwt., how much standard? From the last example, the reason of the following rule for standarding suvei is obvious: Multiply half the weight in ounces by the assay in pennyweights, and divide the product by 111, the quotient will be the betterness or worseness in ounces. Example-How much standard silver in 160 ounces of B. 184 dwt.? Half weight 80 It should be observed that there are tables constructed, and sometimes used, for standarding gold and silver, as may be seen in Postlethwayt's Dictionary of Commerce, vol. 1, page 388 to 398; but, from the simplicity and conciseness of the foregoing examples, it is manifest that such tables cannot much shorten the operation, though they may serve to check or prove the calculation. III. RULES FOR CONVERTING THE FOREGOING TABLES OF COINS INTO FRENCH DENOMINATIONS. To reduce English gold coin into Francs, and the contrary. RULE-Multiply the number of Pence by,105: and the number of Francs by,9525. Here 240d. x,105 25 Francs 20 Centimes. And again, 25 Francs 20 Centimes x 9,525 240 Pence. To reduce English sterling silver into Francs, and the contrary. 240 × ,103 24 Francs 72 Centimes; And this number x 9,709 240 Pence. The foregoing results are the Pars, very nearly, in gold and silve: value. RULE-Multiply the number of Grains by ,064792; and the number of Grammes by 15,434. Example-How many Grammes in a Sovereign, weighing 113,1 English grains of pure gold? Answer, 7 Grammes 328 Decigrammes, nearly; and this number, multiplied by 15,434, equals 113,1 grains. By the application of the above rules, all the foregoing Tables of Coins may be converted into French denominations, except the first column, which contains the Assay, and which is thus reduced: RULE FOR GOLD COINS-Make the Assay Report the numerator, and 24 the denominator, and this vulgar fraction, reduced to three places of decimals, will give the Milliemes, according to the French expression. Example-To convert English standard gold into Milliemes. Thus, 916 Milliemes. If the gold be 1 carat 2 grains worse than standard. Milliemes are reduced to carats by multiplying by 24 and cutting off three decimals. FOR SILVER COINS-To reduce English Assay Reports of silver into French Reports, or Mil liemes. RULE--Make the number of pennyweights in the Assay Report the numerator, and 240 the denominator, and this reduced to a decimal fraction of three places gives the Milliemes. 'rumple-To reduce English standard silver into Milliemes. dwt. gr. 11 2 20 222 = 925 Milliemes. 240 To reduce Milliemes into English Assay Reports of silver. E-Multiply by 240, and cut off three decimals. Thus, 891 Milliemes × 240 211= 10 dwt and this subtracted from 11 dwt. 2 gr. gives 8 dwt, worse than English standard. Dr. Kelly's Explication of the Coins of France presents a singular picture of the modern changes of that country. We subjoin it for this, its curious political bearing. He gives a very able and detailed explanation of the same kind respecting all the modern coins of the world, in his Cambist 2 vols. 4to. London, 1826. FRANCE. GOLD COINS. The Piece of 40 FRANCS, 1818-Head of the King, with name and title, thus: LOUIS XVIII. ROI DE FRANCE. Reverse, arms of France, and 40 F. within two branches of laurel. Round the edge of the piece, DOMINE SALVUM FAC REGEM. O Lord, save the King The Ecu of 6 LIVRES-Head of the reigning The Louis-Head of the reigning King, with King, with name and title, as on the Louis. Reis name and title: thus, LUD. XVI. D. G. FR. ET NAV. REX. tnat is, Ludovicus XVI. Dei Gratia, Franciæ et Navarræ Rex, verse, the arms of France, between two laurel branches; legend, SIT NOMEN DOMINI BENEDICTUM, Blessed be the name of the Lord. Louis XVI. by the Grace of God, King of France and a letter denoting the place where the piece was coined. Round the edge are the words DOMINE SALVUM FAC REGEM, and Navarre. Reverse, the arms of France and Navarre, with On the Pieces coined a crown over them. before 1786 there are two distinct shields; and, on those coined since 1786, a double shield; legend, CHRS. REGN. VINC. IMPER. that is, Christus regnat, vincit, imperat, Christ reigns, conquers, governs; under the arms is a letter, by which the mint The where the piece was coined is known. Double and Half Louis bear the same impressions. The Pieces struck in the year 1791 have on the obverse the head of the King, with the title, LOUIS XVI. ROI DES FRANCOIS. Louis XVI. King of the French. and, on the reverse, the Genius of France writing the Constitution on a tablet resting on a pillar, with a cock on one side, and on the other the fasces and cap of Liberty, with the legend, REGNE DE LA LOI, Reign of the Law; and at the bottom, L'AN 4 DE LA LIBERTE, The year 4 of Liberty. The Piece of 1793 has, instead of the head, a crown of oak-leaves, containing the words 24 LIVRES; legend, REPUBLIQUE FRANÇOISE L' AN II. Reverse, as on the Louis of 1791, except that the date is in figures only. The Piece of 40 FRANCS, 1802-Head of Bonaparte; legend, BONAPARTE PREMIER CONSUL. Bonaparte, first Consul. as on the 40 Franc Piece. The Ecu of three Livres, the Pieces of 24, 12, and 6 Sous, all bear the same impressions, except that the three last mentioned coins have no motto round the edge. The Ecu of 1791-Head of the King; legend, Reverse, the Genius of France, &c. as on the Louis of the same period. Round the edge, LOUIS XVI. ROI DES FRANCOIS. LA NATION LA LOI ET LE ROI, The nation, the law, and the King. The Pieces of 15 and 30 Sols, coined at the same period, bear the same impressions, except that, instead of the fasces and cock, their value is marked, and that the motto round the edge is omitted. The 6 LIVRE Piece of the Republic-The Genius of France, &c. as above. ́ Reverse, a wreath of oak, containing the words SIX LIVRES; legend, REPUBLIQUE FRANCOISE L'AN II. and round the edge, LIBERTE, EGALITE, Liberty, equality. The 5 FRANC Piece of the Repuo ic-Three figures, representing Hercules and two young women, joining their hands; legend, UNION ET FORCE, Union and strength. Reverse, a wreath of laurel and oak, containing the words 5 FRANCS L'AN 7; legend, REPUBLIQUE FRANCOISE; and round the edge, GARANTIE NATIONALE, National guarantee. The 5 FRANC Piece of 1803-Head of Bonaparte; legend as on the 40 Franc Piece. Reverse, a wreath of laurel, containing the words Reverse, a wreath of laurel, containing the value, COIN, in architecture, a kind of die cut diagonal-wise, after the manner of a flight of a stair-case, serving at bottom to support columns in a level, and at the top to correct the inclination of an entablature supporting a vault. Coin is also used for a solid angle composed of two surfaces inclined towards each other, whether that angle be exterior as the coin of a wall, a tree, &c. or interior, as the coin of a chamber or chimney. COINAGE, as an art, has been carried to the greatest perfection in our own country, and in very modern times. From the establishment of the mint by act of parliament, in the reign of Edward II., to the year 1815, it is surprising how small were the alterations introduced by successive masters: but at this period an entirely new constitution of the mint was projected and accomplished. The history, therefore, of the British Mint and its operations, will embrace everything valuable in this art. See MINT. For COINS, considered as medals, see Nu MISMATICS. COINCIDE, v. n. Lat. coincido. To fall upon the same point, to meet in the same point; to concur, to agree. The state of several bodies or lines falling upon the same point; tendency of many things to the same end. Occurrence of many things at the same time, without previous arrangement or forethought in their agents. The very occurrence and coincidence of so many evidences that contribute to the proof, carry a great weight. Hile. Christianity teacheth nothing but what is perfectly suitable to, and coincident with, the ruling principles of a virtuous and well-inclined man. South. If the equator and ecliptick had coincided, it would have rendered the annual revolution of the earth useless. Cheyne. These circles I viewed through a prism; and, as I went from them, they came nearer and nearer together, and at length became coincident. inhabited by Catholics, and the lower by Protestants. The former contains the cathedra built in the eighth century, the bishop's residence, and the town-house, containing the archives of the Canton: the diet of which meets here every three years. The principal support of the inhabitants is the trade carried on along the Rhine to Loudon and Zurich. It was for merly a city of Germany, and was governed by counts, but became a bishopric in the ninth century, and a part of the Grison's Republic in 1526. The government being partly aristocratic, partly democratic. In 1799 it was taken by the French under general Massena, and annexed to the Helvetic Republic. It is thirty-L miles north of Chiavenna, and twenty-two E.S.E. of Glacis. Newton's Opticks. An universal equilibrium, arising from the coincidence of infinite centres, can never be naturally acquired. Bentley. The rules of right judgment, and of good ratioci nation, often coincide with each other. Watts's Logic. I venerate the man whose heart is warm, Whose hands are pure, whose doctrine and whose life Coincident, exhibit lucid proof Cowper That he is honest in the sacred cause. COINDICATION, n. s. From con and indico, Lat. Many symptoms betokening the same cause. COJO'IN, v. n. Lat. conjungo. To join with another in the same office. Thou mayest cojoin with something, and thou dost, And that beyond commission. COI'STRIL, n. s. Corrupted from kestrel It signifies a mean fellow; a runaway. He's a coward and à costril, that will not drink to my niece. Shakspeare's Twelfth Night. COIT, n. s. Dut. kote; a die. A thing thrown at a certain mark. See QUOIT. idle exercises. The time they wear out at coits, kayles, or the lik Carew's Survey of Cornwall. COITION, n. s. Lat. coitio. The act by which two bodies come together. Copulation. Shakspeare's Twelfth Night. COIRE, a large and handsome town of Switzerland, capital of the League of God's House, and of the canton of the Grisons, is seated in a valley at the foot of the Alps, abounding in vineyards and game; and said to have been founded by the emperor Constantius. It is divided into two parts: the upper principally I cannot but admire that philosophers should imagine frogs to fall from the clouds, considering how openly they act their coition, produce spawn, tadpoles, and frogs. Ray on the Creation. He is not made productive of his kind, but by cition with a female. Grew's Cosmologia. COIX, Job's-tears, a genus of the triandria order, and monocia class of plants; natural order fourth, gramina. Male, flowers in remote spikes: CAL. a biflorous, beardless glume. Female CAL. biflorous glume: coR. a beardless glume; the style bipartite : SEED covered with the calyx, ossified. Of this there are three species, natives of the East and West Indies. The chief is C. lachryma Jobi, an annual plant, rising two feet from a fibrous root, with two or three jointed stalks, and single, long, narrow leaves at each joint, resembling those of the reed. At the base of the leaves come out the spikes of flowers resemble those of gromwell; whence the plant standing on short foot-stalks; the seeds greatly has by some writers been called lithospermum. It may be propagated in this country by seeds brought from Portugal, and sown on a hot-bed; after which the young plants should be removed each other. They require only to be kept free into a warm border, and planted two feet from from weeds. In Spain and Portugal the poor grind the seeds of this plant in times of scarcity, and make a coarse kind of bread of them. The seeds are enclosed in small capsules about the bigness of an English pea, and of different colors. These are strung upon silk, and used instead of bracelets by some of the poorer sort in the West Indies, particularly by the negroes. COKALAHISKIT, a river of North America, which takes its source in the Rocky Mountains, and, after a course of about 300 miles, |