The population in 1790 was 237,946; in 1800 251,002; in 1810, 261,942; and in 1820, 275, 248. With the exception of Massachusetts, Connecticut is the most populous state in the United States, having an average of fifty-nine persons to each square mile. Many thousands emigrate every year to the western country.

Connecticut contains five incorporated cities; namely, Hartford, Newhaven, Middleton, New London and Norwich. The capitals of the state are Hartford and Newhaven; the sessions of the legislature are held alternately at these places. The counties are divided and sub-divided into townships and parishes, and every township has a corporation invested with sufficient power for its own internal regulation.

This state, upon the whole, enjoys a favorable climate; although for a few weeks during the summer the weather is excessively hot, and the winters are very severe. The maximum of heat may be quoted, however, at 91°, and the greatest cold 10° below 0; but the heat seldom exceeds 85° and the cold is rarely below 0. The winter generally sets in in November and ends in April. The spring is backward, but the summer and autumn are exquisitely beautiful. Near the sea coast the inhabitants suffer much from variable weather; in advancing farther inland, however, the sea breezes have less influence on the air, and the weather is, consequently, more equable. The north-west winds, which prevail during the winter solstice, acquire a piercing keenness from their passage over dreary wastes of ice and snow; but, as a compensation, the sky presents one unclouded expanse of cerulean blue, and the winter is considered favorable to health and longevity.

The face of the country is much diversified, presenting to the traveller a continual succession of mountains, hills, and valleys, on the whole, fertile, yet interspersed with portions of thin and barren land. Much of the soil has been under cultivation for nearly a century, and still retains its original strength. Its principal productions are Indian corn, wheat, rye, oats, barley, buckwheat, flax in great quantity, hemp, potatoes of various kinds, &c. The Connecticut farmers reap great advantage also from their crops of pumpkins, onions, turnips, and beans. There is scarcely a farm in the country which has not one or more orchards attached to it, from the produce of which excellent cider is made in large quantities. The soil is in general very well calculated for the purpose of pasturage, which enables the farmers to feed great numbers of cat

tle and horses; a considerable quantity of grass is also cultivated. Various kinds of ores and minerals are found in the different parts of the state, as iron, copper, silver, lead, and antimony; they have also coal, free-stone, serpentine marble, limestone, &c.

In Connecticut a larger proportion of the population is engaged in manufactures than in any other of the United States, Rhode Island alone excepted. The manufacture of tin into culinary vessels is carried on to a great extent. The ware thus made is sold by pedlars in all parts of the United States and Canada. Here are also manufactories of hemp and cotton; and, of late, improved machinery has been introduced. The manufacture of gin is carried to a very great extent in Hartford county. Litchfield county is celebrated for its iron works, in which goods sufficient for the supply of the whole state are manufactured. Large quantities of guns are made at Hamden and Newhaven. Glass-works and tanneries have been introduced in various parts, and paper, hats, candles, leather, boots and shoes, nails, wooden dishes, and various articles of turnery are also made in many of the towns. A sail-cloth manufactory and a powder-mill have likewise been established. An oil as mild as sweet oil, and equally agreeable with salads, or for medicinal purposes, and of great use in paints and varnishes, is extracted from the seeds of the sun flower oil-mills of a peculiar construction are used to extract it, and it is estimated that every bushel of seed will produce a gallon of oil, so that the cultivation of the flowers yields, in many instances, a greater profit than that of any other produce. There are large orchards of mulberry trees; and silk-worms have of late been so successfully reared, that a promise is held out of their not only producing a suffici ent supply for the purposes of the inhabitants, but also a surplus for exportation.

The foreign trade of Connecticut is principally carried on with the West Indies, but the coasting trade to the southern States is considered more valuable. The amount of shipping belonging to the State was, in 1815, 50,358 tons, and it has increased of late years. The value of the exports for the years ending September 30th, 1820, was 421,931 dollars. Their exports consist principally of horses, oxen, mules, oak-staves, pineboards, oak planks, hoops, Indian corn, beans, beef, pork, fish, butter, cheese, cider, &c. A large number of coasting-vessels are employed for the conveyance of produce from this to the

neighbouring States. To Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and New Hampshire, they carry pork, corn, wheat and rye; to Georgia, North and South Carolina, butter, cheese, salted beef, potatoes, cider, apples, hay, &c., and receive in return, rice, indigo, and money. Considerable quantities of the produce of the eastern divisions of the State are sold at Providence, Norwich, and Boston. But as New York is nearer, and the state of the markets well known, this city has become the principal mart for the produce of Connecticut, especially the western parts of the State.

The value of land and houses in Connecticut, as established by the assessors' books, was in 1814, 86,550,033 dollars. There are ten banks established in the State, the aggregate amount of whose capital is upwards of three millions and a half of dollars.

The size of the farms in Connecticut is from fifty to 400 acres, held in fee-simple. The farmers and their families are mostly clothed in home-spun cloths. Their woollens and linens are also of domestic manufacture, and, although coarser, are generally of a stronger texture than the produce of the European loom. The annual value of the flaxen goods made in families, was, in 1810, estimated at 2,303,078, and of woollen at 1,098,241 dollars. Linen and woollen manufactories have now, however, been introduced, and they will probably every day become more

common.

The principal towns and cities, besides what have already been mentioned, are Norwich, Middleton, Windsor, Weathersfield, Farmington, Milford, Stratford, Guildford, Stamford, Suffield, and Enfield. The houses in the smaller towns are generally constructed of wood, but the sides are neatly clap-boarded and painted white. They are seldom above two stories high. The roofs are slanting, covered with shingles, and painted of a slate color. Sash windows, with green Venetian blinds, are however, very common. The places of worship are built of similar materials as the houses; but generally surmounted by a spire, having one or two bells. The chief rivers are the Thames, the Connecticut, and the Housatonick, with their tributary streams. The whole range of the coast is indented with harbours, many of which are commodious and safe. The principal mountains are, the Lyme range; the Mount Tom range; the Green Mountain range, and the Taghcorac range, and these in most instances extend in a southerly direction the whole extent of the State. The inhabitants are almost entirely of English descent; the original stock from which they sprung consisted of 3000 souls, who settled in the towns of Hartford, Newhaven, &c., about the years 1635-1636. The inhabitants of Connecticut have long been celebrated for their industry, sobriety, and strict piety. It is said, that an instance of capital punishment does not occur above once in every nine or ten years. There is a law to prevent travelling on a Sunday; but strangers contravene it, although the elders go about to the different inn-keepers to forbid them to let out their horses. If a traveller arrive, he can generally find a saddled horse, and has only to mount and pursue for some short distance a

bye road. A great desire for improvement ma nifests itself in every town. Every district has its public school. The law requires, that a grammar-school be kept in every county town throughout the whole State. Yale College, which was founded in 1700, has been long celebrated as an eminent seat of learning. The library of this college contained, in 1820,7000 volumes, and the students, amounting to 412, had libraries containing 2000 more. The consequence of this state of society is, a continued increase of population, so that although there have been more emigrated from this than from any other of the United States, it is at present full of inhabitants. Other causes concur doubtless in this effect: the greater proportion of the inhabitants are laborious husbandmen; their farms furnish them with all the necessaries, and many of the conveniences, but with few or none of the luxuries of life. They are temperate and industrious, and their subsistence does not depend on mere accidental circumstances. Here is no necessity for a long apprenticeship to fit them for a business, or a large stock of money required for them to commence with advantage, all which circumstances combined, operate as a never-failing inducement for early marriages. The people of Connecticut are remarkably well informed with respect to their rights; and, as is invariably the case in parallel circumstances, are tenacious to an excess of the least incroachment on them. This disposition frequently degenerates, in private life, into a litigious spirit, which unhappily affords ample employment to a numerous body of lawyers.

The Congregationalists are the most numerous religious denomination at present in Connecticut. Next to them are the Episcopalians and Baptists. There are very few of any other sect. In 1818 the former had 213 congregations, the Episcopalians sixty-nine, and the Baptists about seventy. Until the year 1818, Connecticut was governed by the charter of Charles II., granted in 1662, and which conveyed ample privileges to the people. The powers of the present government are vested in the three departments, the legisla tive, executive, and judicial. The first consists of a senate and house of representatives; the members of both of these bodies are elected annually, and meet once in each year, alternately at Newhaven and Hartford. The executive government consists of a governor and lieutenantgovernor, who are elected by the people every year. All bills must be presented to the governor, but he has no vote upon legislative acts: if he disapprove of them, he returns them with his objections. The legislature may pass them, however, but in such cases the votes must be determined by the yeas and nays, and the names of the members entered on the Journals. The lieutenant-governor is the ex-officio speaker of the senate. The judicial power of Conrecticut is vested in a supreme court of Errors, a superior court, and such inferior courts as the legislature may from time to time please to establish. The assembly appoint the judges and justices of the peace, and the judges hold their offices during good behaviour. Justices of the peace are elected annually. No judge or justice is allowed to re

tain his office after he has arrived at seventy years of age. Every white male citizen of the United States, who has a settlement in the State, who is twenty-one years of age, of good moral character, and has paid a state tax within a year, is eligible as an elector. No person is bound to support or be a denizen of any particular religious sect. The governor and all the officers are liable to impeachment, which must be prosecuted by the house of representatives, and tried by the senate. No law can pass without the concurrence of both houses. Connecticut has ever been a republic, and may perhaps he cited as the most perfect and happy one that has ever existed in any time or in any country.

CONNECTICUT, a large river of North America, the most considerable one in the eastern part of the United States. It rises in the high lands, which separate the states of Vermont and New Hampshire from Lower Canada, and has been surveyed about thirty-five miles beyond the forty-fifth degree of latitude, to its northern head spring; from which, to its mouth, is upwards of 300 miles, through a thick settled country; having upon its banks a great number of the most flourishing and pleasant towns in the United States. It is from eighty to 100 roods wide, at a distance of 130 miles from its mouth. Its course between Vermont and New Hampshire, as well as through Massachusetts, and part of Connecticut, is generally S. S.W. until it reaches the city of Middleton; after which it runs a S. S. E. course to its mouth. The navigation of this beautiful river, which fertilises the land through which it runs, is much obstructed by falls. Two of these are between New Hampshire and Vermont; the first are called the Fifteen-miles falls. Here the river is rapid for twenty miles. The second remarkable fall is at Walpole, formerly called the Great Fall, but now named Bellows Falls. Above these, the breadth of the river is, in some places, twenty-two, in others not above sixteen, roods. The depth of the channel is about twenty-five feet, and commonly runs full of water. In September, 1792, however, owing to the severe drought, the water of the river, it is said, passed within the space of twelve feet wide and two and a half deep. A large rock divided the stream into two channels, each about ninety feet wide.

When the river is low, the eastern channel is dry, being crossed by a solid rock; and the whole stream falls into the western channels, where it is contracted to the breadth of sixteen feet, and flows with astonishing rapidity. There are several perpendicular falls one above another, within the length of half a mile, the largest of which is that where the rock divides the stream. Notwithstanding the velocity of the current at Bellows Falls, the salmon pass up the river, and are taken many miles above; but the shad proceed no farther. On the steep sides of the island rock, at the fall, hang several arm chairs, secured by a counterpoise; in these the fishermen sit to catch salmon with fishing nets. In the course of the river through Massachusetts are falls at South Hadley, around which locks and canals were completed in 1795, by an enterprising company, incorporated in 1792 by the legislature of

Massachusetts. In Connecticut the river is obstructed by falls at Enfield; to render which navigable in boats, a company has been incorporated, and a sum of money raised by lottery, but nothing effectual is yet done. The average descent of this river from Weathersfield in Vermont, 150 miles from its mouth, is two feet to a mile, according to the barometrical observations of J. Winthorp, Esq. made in 1786. The rivers and streams which fall into the Connecticut are numerous. At its mouth is a bar of sand, which considerably obstructs the navigation; it has ten feet water on it at full tides, and the same depth to Middleton, from which the bar is thirty-six miles distant. Above Middleton there are shoals which have only six feet water at a high tide; and here the tide ebbs and flows only about eight inches. Three miles above that city the river is contracted to about forty roods in breadth by two high mountains. On almost every other part the hanks are low, and spread into fine extensive meadows. In the spring floods, which generally happen in May, these meadows are covered with water. At Hartford the water sometimes rises twenty feet above the common surface of the river, and, having no other outlet but the above-mentioned strait, it is sometimes two or three weeks before it returns to its usual bed. These floods add nothing to the depth of water on the bar at the mouth of the river, as it lies too far off in the sound to be affected by them. This river is navigable to Hartford city, upwards of fifty miles from its mouth; and the produce of the country, for 200 miles above it, is brought thither in boats. These boats are flat-bottomed, long, and narrow, and of so light a make as to be portable in carts. Before the construction of locks and canals on this river, they were taken out at three different carrying places, all of which made fifteen miles. Sturgeon, salmon, and shad, are caught in great plenty in their seasons, from the mouth of the river upwards; but the sturgeon cannot ascend the upper falls; besides a variety of small fish, such as pike, carp, perch, &c. CONNICTATIÓN, n. s.

winking.

CONNI'VE, v. n. CONNI'VENCY, n. s. CONNI'VENT, adj. CONNI'VER, n. s. CONNIVANCE, n. s..

Lat. conniveo. A

Fr. conniver; Lat. connivere. To wink at a fault, that is, to pretend not to see it; to acquiesce in wrong doing, which it is our duty to prevent. This meaning runs through all the kindred words. Connivent, however, is applied by Milton in the sense of dormant; inattentive; and, as will be seen in the quotation, the Spectator gives to the verb its primary sense of to wink. But neither of these meanings is now in use.

It is better to mitigate usury by declaration, than to suffer it to rage by connivance. Bacon. Disobedience, having gained one degree of liberty, will demand another every vice interprets a consivance, an approbation. South.

The licentiousness of inferiours, and the remissness of superiours, the one violates, and the other connives." Decay of Piety. This artist is to teach them how to nod judiciously, to connive with either eye. Spectator.

With whatever colours he persuades authority to connive at his own vices, he will desire its protection from the effects of other mens'. Rogers. For the amusement of a few young soldiers, two or three thousand poor unarmed and innocent men may be murdered in one night, with the connivance, nay, and by the authority, of the law. Beattie.

Ye knew at least, by constant proofs addressed To ears and eyes, the vices of the rest. But ye connive at what ye cannot cure, And evils, not to be endured, endure, Lest power exerted, but without success, Should make the little ye retain still less. Cowper. It has been stated that the persons in the temporary possession of frames connive at their destruction; if this be proved upon inquiry, it were necessary that such material accessaries to the crime should be principals in the punishment.

Byron. Speech on the Frame-breaking Bill. CONNIVENTES VALVULE, CONNIVENT VALVES, in anatomy, wrinkles, cellules, and vascules, in the inside of the ilium and jejunum. See ANATOMY. CONNOISSEUR, n. s. French. A judge; CONNOISSEURSHIP. a critic. It is often

used of a pretended critic.

Reason the connoisseur, and bright load star In this world's sea to avoid the rock of chance.

Your lesson learnt, you'll be secure

To get the name of connoisseur.

Davies.

Swift.

SIR. BENJ. Nay now, Lady Sncerwell, you are severe upon the widow. Come, come, 'tis not that she paints so ill-but when she has finished her face, she joins it so badly to her neck, that she looks like a mended statue, in which the connoisseur sees at once that the head's modern, though the trunk 's antique.

Sheridan. School for Scandal.

I leave to learned fingers, and wise hands,
The artist and his ape, to teach and tell
How well his connoiseurship understands
The graceful bend and the voluptuous swell:
Let these describe the undescribable.

Byron. Childe Harold. CONNOR, an ancient village of Antrim in Ireland, from which the bishopric of Down and Connor receives its latter name. On the bank of the Kells-water, are the ruins of a very ancient round tower, supposed to have been erected about the time of the Saxon invasion of England, and said to have been the residence of several kings. About 1200 silver pence of Edward I. were dug up here in 1820, which are supposed to have been brought over by some of the soldiers of that prince in 1318. It is eighty-nine miles from Dublin.

CONNOR (Bernard), M.D. and F. R.S. was born in Kerry, Ireland, about A.D. 1666. He studied physic in the university of Montpelier; and afterwards went to Paris. From thence he travelled to Venice, and through great part of Germany, to Warsaw, where he was made physician to king John Sobieski. In 1695 he came to England, read lectures in London, Oxford, and Cambridge, and became a member of the Royal Society and College of Physicians. He wrote a singular philosophical and medical treatise in Latin, entitled Evangelium Medici; tending to explain the miracles performed by Christ as natural events, upon the principles of natural philosophy. He wrote also a History of

So years successive, from perennial roots,
The wire or bulb with lessened vigor shoots,
Till curled leaves, or barren flowers, betray
A waning lineage, verging to decay;
Or till, amended by connubial powers,
Rise seedling progenies from sexual flowers. Darwin.
He left to his vizier all state affairs,
And showed but little royal curiosity:

I know not if he had domestic cares-
No process proved connubial animosity.

Byron. Don Juan. CONNUMERATION, n. s. Lat. con and numerare. A reckoning together.

CONOCARPUS, in botany, the button tree, a genus of the monogynia order and pentandria class of plants, natural order forty-eighth, aggregatæ : COR. pentapetalous: the seeds naked, solitary, inferior; the flowers aggregate. There are three species, of which the best known are, C. freca and C. procumbens, both natives of the West Indies. They rise to about sixteen feet, but are of no beauty, nor is the wood of them used for any mechanical purpose in the countries where they grow naturally. They are, however, preserved in some botanic gardens in Britain for the sake of variety.

CONOID is a figure generated by the revolution of a conic section about its axis; there are, consequently, three kinds, answering to the three conic sections, viz. the elliptical conoid, or spheroid, the hyperbolic conoid, and the parabolic conoid. If a conoid be cut by a plane in any position, the section will be of the figure of some one of the conic sections; and all parallel sections of the same conoid are like and similar figures.

CONON, a renowned Athenian general and admiral, who flourished about A. A. C. 395. After his defeat by Lysander, (see ATTICA,) he fled to Evagoras king of Cyprus: after which he put himself under the protection of Artaxerxes king of Persia; with whose army he delivered Athens from its oppressors, and rebuilt