An Historical Sketch of Slavery

PAGE

villanage only modified slavery-Condition of villain-
Transition to privileged villanage-Relics of this at pre-
sent day-Statutes to compel laborers to work-Slavery
in Scotland-Colliers and salters-Slavery in Ireland—
Their voluntary relinquishment of it-Present condition
of laboring classes in Britain-The problem of misery,. cxxii

CHAPTER IX.

Negro slavery and slave-trade-Early existence of negro
slavery-Its cruelties in their native land-Commence-
ment of slave-trade in A. D. 1399-Certainly in A. D.
1442-Early horrors of the traffic-Success of early ex-
peditions-Missionary pretext-Impetus to trade from
discovery of America-Religious zeal the avowed object
of each-Instructions to Columbus-Enslavement of In-
dians—Their sufferings and extinction-Recommendation
of Las Casas-Negroes introduced in America in A. D.
1501-First patent granted to individuals by Charles V
-Decrease in Indian population of Hispaniola-Demand
for negroes-Their superiority as slaves-Cardinal Xi-
menes and the trade-Early revolt of negroes-English
participation in the trade-Introduction of negroes into
England-Sir John Hawkins-Partnership with Queen
Elizabeth-Cruelty toward negroes-Chartered compa-
nies-Royal African Company-The King a partner—
Its history-Negroes declared "merchandise"-Partici-
pation of France-Assientoes-The Spanish King and
British Queen partners-Contents of the Treaty-Pro-
visions for transportation-Sanitary regulations-War of
A. D. 1739-Acts of Parliament regulating and encou-
raging the trade-Negro slaves in England-The Portu-
guese and Dutch participation in the trade-Bounties—
Introduction of negro slaves in Virginia (A. D. 1620)—
Introduction of cotton-plant (A. D. 1621)-Participation
of New England-Rules regulating the trade-Massa-
chusetts laws-Slavery in Connecticut-In Rhode Island
-In New Amsterdam-In New Netherlands-Bounty
offered in New Jersey-Slavery in Pennsylvania-In

Delaware-In North Carolina-In South Carolina-

Georgia-Settled as a free colony-History of introduc-

tion of slavery-Character of negroes introduced into

America-Impression as to the effect of baptism-Re-

moval of this idea-Estimated number imported-Pro-

test of the Colonies-Conduct of Britain-Action of

Congress of 1776-Constitutional restriction to A. D. 1808

-Action of Georgia in 1798-Number of negroes ex-

ported from Africa-Effect of the trade on Africa—

Character of tribes exported- The horrors of the

middle passage"-Sanitary provisions of British Parlia-

ment-Predominance of males among the slaves-Prices

-Profits-Condition of negroes imported-Their nature

rebellious-Cruel treatment in West Indies-Wars of

the Maroons-Treatment by the American colonists—

Comparison with the West India planters-Results in the

increase of the slave population in the Colonies-Intro-

duction of negroes in Spain, England, and France-

Number in England in 1775-Trade on eastern coast of

Africa-Its origin and present state,

CHAPTER X.

The abolition of the slave-trade-Protests of literary men

against the trade-Of the Quakers-Of the American

Colonies-Opposition of Britain-Action of United

States-The struggle in Great Britain-Final abolition

in A. D. 1807-Suggestion as to real cause-Action of

French government-Of Spain-Quintuple treaty of 1841

-Treaty with Netherlands and Brazil-Declared piracy

by United States and Britain-Illicit trade-Its character

and effects-Its markets,

CHAPTER XI.

Abolition of slavery in some of the United States-Origi-
nated in America-War of Revolution fought on a prin-
ciple The Declaration of Independence-The result of
the struggle for political liberty-Feeling of leading men

PAGE

clxii

-In Virginia-Ordinance of 1787-Small number of

slaves in North and East-Abolition in Vermont-Mas-

sachusetts New Hampshire-Rhode Island-Connecti-

cut-Pennsylvania-New York-New Jersey-Difficulty

of emancipation in the South-Result of agitation,

CHAPTER XII.

Abolition in Hayti-Free negroes-The cry of the French

Revolution, "Liberty and Equality"-Three parties in

Hayti-Dissensions among them-Prejudice against mu-

lattoes-Decree of 8th March, 1790-Prejudice of color

-Insurrection of 24th Aug. 1791-Decree of 15th May,

1791-War between whites and mulattoes-Treaty-

Cruel treatment of the armed slaves-Fickle policy of

National Assembly-Results-Renewed civil war-De-

cree of 4th April, 1792-Commissioners-Offer to deliver

the island to the English-Renewal of hostilities-Volun-

tary exile of the whites-War between France and Spain

-Slaves enrolled in Spanish army-Liberty proclaimed

to all slaves who would join the army of the Republic-

Six towns delivered to the English-Effect of yellow

fever-Decree of 4th Feb. 1794, abolishing slavery

Agricultural regulations-Toussaint-His history-Ri-

gaud-Their dissension-Prejudice of mulattoes against

the blacks-Commencement of war between blacks and

mulattoes-Triumph of the blacks-Confirmation of

Toussaint by Consuls-Central Assembly-The Constitu-

tion-Provisions to enforce labor-Idleness punished with

death-Peace of Amiens-Efforts of Napoleon to re-

conquer Hayti-Mission of Le Clerc-Firmness of Tous-

saint-Strategy of Le Clerc-Death of Toussaint-Civil

war-Death of Le Clerc-Rochambeau-His fatal policy

-Success of Dessalines-Declaration of independence-

Massacre of the whites-Dessalines declared emperor-

His assassination-Civil war between the mulattoes and

blacks-Petion and Christophe-Their variant courses,

and the results-President Boyer-Revolt of Spanish

colony-Conquest by Boyer-Independence of Hayti ac-

knowledged-The terms,

Abolition of slavery by Great Britain-Early efforts of
Clarkson and others-Compromise measures-Liberation
of "Crown slaves"-Insurrection among the slaves-
Gradual Emancipation Act of 1833-Apprentice system
-Compensation to masters-Failure of apprentice system

-Causes alleged-Complete abolition-Difference be-

tween slavery in West Indies and in United States-Abo-

lition by Sweden and Denmark-Their ameliorating

system-Abolition in French West Indies-The history

of the struggle-Report of Duc de Broglie-The law of

18th July, 1843-Its provisions-The law of 19th July,

1845-Their failure-Alleged causes-Subsequent agi-

tation Summary and unjust action of the Republic of

1848-Final abolition in French West Indies,

PAGE

clxxxviii

CHAPTER XIV.

The effects of abolition-Tendency of the negro to return

to barbarism-Sad effects in St. Domingo-The reasons

assigned by emancipationists-The anticipated results

from a peaceable and gradual emancipation-Effects in

British colonies-Investigations by Committees of Parlia-

ment-Importation of Coolies and negro apprentices-

Sad results to the negro, physically, intellectually, and

morally-The end not yet seen -Guiana-Southern

Africa and Mauritius-Effects of emancipation in other

European colonies,

cxcvi

CHAPTER XV.

Effects of abolition in United States-Substantially the same

to the negro as in other countries-Effect on the State

different-Reasons therefor-The physical, intellectual,

and moral condition of the freed negroes-Their civil and

political status-Comparison with slaves of the South, as

to crime, mortality, and disease, .

cci

CHAPTER XV I.

Slavery in South America-Colored races in Brazil-No
prejudice of color there-Character of slaves and free.
negroes-Colored races in New Granada-Emancipation
Acts-Effects disastrous-Slaves of Chili and Peru-
Numbers small, and well treated-In La Plata-Manu-
mission during the Revolution,